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• Title:Marine microbiology : ecology and applications / Colin Munn ; with foreword by Farooq Azam.
  
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• Author/Creator:Munn, C. B. (Colin B.)
  
• Published/Created:New York : Garland Science, ©2011.
  

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  • Location:WOODWARD LIBRARY stacksWhere is this?
    
  • Call Number: QW80 .M966 2011
    
  • Number of Items:1
    
  • Status:Available
    

   
• Library of Congress Subjects:Marine microbiology.
  
• Medical Subjects: Marine Biology.
  
• Edition:2nd ed.
  
• Description:xvi, 364 pages : illustrations (some color), maps (chiefly color) ; 28 cm.
  
• Summary:Overview: Marine Microbiology brings together microbial biology and ecology to create an integrated approach that addresses environmental management, human health, and economic concerns. The Second Edition takes into account many new discoveries in the field including the role of microbes in ocean processes and nutrient cycles, the importance of viruses, the beneficial role of marine microbes in biotechnology, biofuels, metagenomics and synthetic biology, and new research on the impact of climate change and ocean acidification. The first three sections review the main features of the marine environment and key aspects of marine microbial life; the second section examines the role of marine microorganisms in ecology; and the final section considers some of the applications of this knowledge in areas such as disease and biodegradation.
  
• Notes:Includes bibliographical references and index.
  
• ISBN:9780815365174 (alk. paper)
  0815365179 (alk. paper)
  
• Contents:Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 Microbes in the Marine Environment
  Marine microbiology is one of the most exciting and important areas of modern science
  Marine microbiology encompasses all microscopic organisms and viruses
  Marine microbes are found in all three domains of cellular life
  Horizontal gene transfer confounds our understanding of evolution
  Viruses are noncellular entities with great importance in marine ecosystems
  Microbial processes shape the living world
  Marine microbes show great variation in size
  world's oceans and seas form an interconnected water system
  upper surface of the ocean is in constant motion owing to winds
  Deep-water circulation systems transport water between the ocean basins
  Seawater is a complex mixture of inorganic and organic compounds
  Light and temperature have important effects on microbial processes
  Marine microbes form a major component of the plankton
  Microbes, particles, and dissolved nutrients are not evenly distributed in seawater
  Microbes play a key role in the formation of sediments
  Microbes colonize surfaces through formation of biofilms
  Microbes in sea ice form an important part of the food chain in polar regions
  Microbial activity at hydrothermal vents provides an oasis of life in the deep sea
  Cold seeps also support diverse life
  Living organisms are the habitats of many microbes
  Conclusions
  References
  Further reading
  ch. 2 Methods in Marine Microbiology
  Sampling, General Experimental Procedures, And Remote Sensing
  aim of microbial ecology is the study of the diversity and activities of microbes in situ
  Measurement of specific cell constituents may be used as biomarkers of microbial activity
  Remote sensing and sampling permits analysis of microbial activities
  Microbiological sampling requires special techniques
  Mecocosm experiments attempt to simulate natural conditions
  Microelectrodes and biosensors are used to measure environmental changes
  Isotopes are used to study microbial transformations of compounds
  Direct Observation And Enumeration Of Microbes
  Light and electron microscopy are used to study morphology and structure of microbes
  Epifluorescence light microscopy enables enumeration of marine microbes
  Confocal laser scanning microscopy enables recognition of living microbes within their habitat
  Flow cytometry measures the number and size of particles
  Culture-Based Methods For Isolation And Identification Of Microbes
  Different microbes require specific culture media and conditions for growth
  Enrichment culture selects for microbes with specific growth requirements
  Phenotypic testing is used for identification and detailed characterization of many cultured bacteria
  Analysis of microbial components can be used for bacterial classification and identification
  Nucleic-Acid-Based Methods
  use of nucleic-acid based methods has had a major impact on the study of marine microbial diversity
  Sequencing of ribosomal RNA genes is the most widely used tool in studies of microbial diversity
  first step in all nucleic acid investigations involves the isolation of genomic DNA or RNA from the culture or community
  polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
  Genomic fingerprinting is used for detailed analysis of cultured microbes
  Determination of GC ratios and DNA-DNA hybridization is used in bacterial taxonomy
  DNA sequencing is a major tool in marine microbiology
  "Next-generation" technologies allow inexpensive high-throughput sequencing
  Sequence data are used for phylogenetic analysis
  Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) are widely used to assess composition of microbial communities
  Elucidating the full genome sequence of microbes has provided major insights into their functional roles
  Metagenomics is revolutionizing our understanding of marine microbial ecology
  Fluorescent hybridization (FISH) allows visualization and quantification of specific microbes
  Metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics reveal metabolic activities in the environment
  Microarrays enable assessment of gene activity in the environment
  Conclusions
  References
  Further reading
  ch. 3 Metabolic Diversity and Ecophysiology
  All cells need to obtain energy and conserve it in the compound ATP
  All cells need carbon as the major component of cellular material
  Phototrophy involves conversion of light energy to chemical energy
  Oxygenic photosynthesis involves two distinct but coupled photosystems
  Anaerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis uses only one type of reaction center
  Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophy is widespread in planktonic bacteria
  Some phototrophs use rhodopsins as light-harvesting pigments
  Chemolithotrophs use inorganic electron donors as a source of energy and reducing power
  Thiotrophic bacteria use sulfur compounds as electron donor
  Many chemolithotrophs use hydrogen as an electron donor
  Nitrification by Bacteria and Archaea is a major process in the marine nitrogen cycle
  Calvin-Benson cycle is the main method of carbon dioxide fixation in autotrophs
  Some Archaea and Bacteria use alternative pathways to fix CO2
  Fixation of nitrogen makes this essential element available for building cellular material in all life
  Many marine microbes obtain energy by the fermentation of organic compounds
  Aerobic and anaerobic respiration use external electron acceptors
  Reduction of nitrate and denitrification result in release of nitrogen and other gases
  Sulfate reduction is a major process in marine sediments
  Methanogenesis is a special type of metabolism carried out only by a group of Archaea
  Aerobic catabolism of methane and other C1 compounds is widespread in coastal and oceanic habitats
  Use of complex macromolecules requires the synthesis of extracellular enzymes
  Acquisition of iron is a major challenge for marine microbes
  growth of bacterial cells depends on availability of nutrients and environmental factors
  Bacteria adapt to starvation by a series of coordinated changes to cell metabolism
  Most marine microbes are adapted to an oligotrophic lifestyle and grow very slowly
  Some bacteria enter a "viable but nonculturable" state in the environment
  Nutrients are acquired via specialized transport mechanisms
  Growth efficiency of many marine bacteria is probably low
  Microbes use a variety of mechanisms to regulate cellular activities
  Some bacteria use motility in the quest for nutrients and optimal conditions
  Formation of biofilms is an important step in microbial colonization of surfaces
  Pili are important for bacterial attachment to surfaces and exchange of genetic information
  Antagonistic interactions between microbes occur on particles or surfaces
  Quorum sensing is an intercellular communication system for regulation of gene expression
  Most marine microbes grow at low temperatures
  Microbes growing in hydrothermal systems are adapted to very high temperatures
  Microbes that inhabit the deep ocean must withstand a very high hydrostatic pressure
  Microbes vary in their requirements for oxygen or tolerance of its presence
  Ultraviolet irradiation has lethal and mutagenic effects
  Microbes are protected from osmotic damage by various mechanisms
  Conclusions
  References
  Further reading
  ch. 4 Marine Bacteria
  Overview Of Diversity Of The Bacteria
  domain Bacteria contains about 80 phyla, many of which have no cultivated members
  There is no generally accepted concept for the definition of bacterial species
  Bacteria show a variety of cell forms and structure
  cell wall is an important feature of bacterial cells
  Many Bacteria produce a glycocalyx or capsule
  Phylogenetic studies of planktonic Bacteria reveal a small number of major clades
  Major Types Of Marine Bacteria, Grouped By Phenotype
  Several groups of bacteria carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis
  Nitrifying bacteria grow chemolithotrophically using reduced inorganic nitrogen compounds as electron donors
  wide range of Proteobacteria can grow chemolithotrophically using reduced sulfur compounds
  Aerobic methanotrophs and methylotrophs are widespread in coastal and oceanic habitats
  pseudomonads are a heterogeneous group of chemoorganotrophic, aerobic, rod-shaped Proteobacteria
  Free-living aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria are important in sediments
  Enterobacteriaceae is a large and well-defined family of Gammaproteobacteria
  Vibrio and related genera have worldwide distribution in coastal and ocean water and sediments
  Some members of the Vibrionaceae are bioluminescent
  Oceanospiralles are characterized by their ability to break down complex organic compounds
  Magnetotactic bacteria orient themselves in the Earth's magnetic field
  Bdellovibrio is a predator of other bacteria
  Budding and stalked Proteobacteria show asymmetric cell division
  Sulfur- and sulfate-reducing bacteria have a major role in the sulfur cycle
  Cyanobacteria carry out oxygenic photosynthesis
  Many marine Cyanobacteria carry out nitrogen fixation
  genera Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus dominate the picoplankton in large areas of the Earth's oceans
  Cyanobacteria are important in the formation of microbial mats in shallow water
  Firmicutes are a major branch of Gram-positive Bacteria
  Epulopiscium fishelsoni and related species are giant bacteria with a unique "viviparous" lifestyle
  Actinobacteria is a large phylum including the mycobacteria and actinomycetes
  Contents note continued: Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides group is morphologically and metabolically diverse
  Planctomycetes are a group with cells that show some similarities to eukaryotes
  Verrucomicrobia is a poorly characterized phylum of Bacteria
  spirochetes are Gram-negative, tightly coiled, flexuous bacteria distinguished by very active motility
  Aquifex and Thermotoga are hyperthermophiles
  Conclusions
  References
  Further reading
  ch. 5 Marine Archaea
  Several aspects of cell structure and function distinguish the Archaea from the Bacteria
  Euryarcheaota and Crenarchaeota form the major branches of the Archaea
  Many members of the Euryarchaeota produce methane
  Archaea in deep sediments can carry out anaerobic oxidation of methane coupled to sulfate reduction
  Thermococcus and Pyrococcus are hyperthermophiles found at hydrothermal vents
  Archaeoglobus and Ferroglobus are hyperthermophilic sulfate-reducers and iron-oxidizers
  Some Euryarchaeota exist in hypersaline environments
  Nanoarchaeum is an obligate parasite of another archaeon, Igniococcus
  Crenarchaeota include hyperthermophiles and psychrophiles
  Hyperthermophilic Crenarchaeota belong to the order Desulfurococcales
  psychrophilic marine Crenarchaeota are major members of the plankton
  Conclusions
  References
  Further reading
  ch. 6 Marine Eukaryotic Microbes
  term "protist" is used to describe an extremely diverse collection of unicellular eukaryotic microbes
  Systems for the classification of eukaryotic microbes are still developing
  Many protists possess flagella
  euglenids may be phototrophic, heterotrophic, or mixotrophic
  bicosoecids are a group of highly active bacterivorous flagellates
  choanoflagellates have a unique feeding mechanism
  Dinoflagellates have critical roles in marine systems
  Dinoflagellates undertake diurnal vertical migration
  Some dinoflagellates exhibit bioluminescence
  ciliates are voracious grazers of other protists and bacteria
  haptophytes (prymnesiophytes) are major components of ocean phytoplankton
  Diatoms are extremely diverse and abundant primary producers in the oceans
  Diatoms and their products
  -past and present
  -have many applications
  Protists in the picoplankton size range are extremely widespread and diverse
  Raphidophytes are stramenopiles which may cause harmful blooms
  Thraustochytrids and labyrinthulids play an important role in breakdown and absorption of organic matter
  Amoebozoa may be important grazers of bacteria associated with particles
  Radiolarians and foraminifera have highly diverse morphologies with mineral shells
  Marine fungi are especially important in decomposition of complex materials in coastal habitats
  Conclusions
  References
  Further reading
  ch. 7 Marine Viruses
  Viruses are extremely diverse in structure and genetic composition
  Viruses are the most abundant biological entities in seawater
  Phages are viruses that infect bacterial and archaeal cells
  life cycle of phages shows a number of distinct stages
  Lysogeny occurs when the phage genome is integrated into the host genome
  Large DNA viruses are important pathogens of planktonic protists
  Photosynthetic protists are also infected by RNA viruses
  role of viruses as pathogens of heterotrophic protists remains unclear
  Loss of infectivity of viruses arises from irreparable damage to the nucleic acid or protein capsid
  Measurement of virus production rates is important for assessing the role of virus-induced mortality
  Viral mortality "lubricates" the biological pump
  Viral mortality plays a major role in structuring diversity of microbial communities
  Marine viruses show enormous genetic diversity
  Viromes are reservoirs of genetic diversity and exchange
  Conclusions
  References
  Further reading
  ch. 8 Microbes in Ocean Processes
  -Carbon Cycling
  Development of the microbial loop concept transformed our understanding of ocean processes
  fate of carbon dominates consideration of the microbial ecology of the oceans
  Marine phytoplankton are responsible for about half of the global CO2 fixation
  As well as light, photosynthetic activity depends on the availability of nutrients
  importance of various components of the microbial loop varies according to circumstances
  microbial loop results in retention of dissolved nutrients
  Ingestion of bacteria by protists plays a key role in the microbial loop
  "viral shunt" catalyzes nutrient regeneration in the upper ocean
  Eutrophication of coastal waters affects microbial activity
  Conclusions
  References
  Further reading
  ch. 9 Microbes in Ocean Processes
  -Nitrogen, Sulfur, Iron, and Phosphorus Cycling
  Nutrient Limitation
  Key elements may act as limiting nutrients for different groups of microbes
  Productivity of surface waters shows marked geographical variations
  Ocean microbes require iron
  Nitrogen Cycle
  Major shifts in our understanding of the marine nitrogen cycle are in progress
  New nitrogen-fixers have been discovered recently
  Fixed nitrogen is returned to the inorganic pool by ammonification and nitrification
  Denitrification and anammox reactions return nitrogen to its elemental form
  Microbial processes in sediments are a major contributor to nitrogen cycling
  Sulfur Cycle
  oceans contain large quantities of sulphur
  -an essential element for life
  Metabolism of organic sulfur compounds is especially important in surface waters
  fraction of DMSP production leads to release of the gas dimethyl sulfide (DMS)
  Microbial sulfate reduction and sulfide oxidation occur in sediments, vents, and seeps
  Phosphorus Cycle
  Phosphorus is often a limiting or colimiting nutrient
  Marine microbes are adapted to low and variable levels of phosphorus
  Conclusions
  References
  Further reading
  ch. 10 Symbiotic Associations
  Zooxanthellae and other photosynthetic endosymbionts are vital for the nutrition of many marine animals
  Coral bleaching occurs due to the breakdown of the symbiosis between zooxanthellae and their host
  Scleractinian corals are multipartner symbiotic systems (holobionts)
  Photosynthetic zooxanthellae boost the growth of giant clams in nutrient-poor waters
  Worms and clams at hydrothermal vents obtain nutrition from chemosynthetic bacterial endosymbionts
  Chemosynthetic symbionts are widely distributed in marine invertebrates
  Animals colonizing whale falls depend on autotrophic and heterotrophic symbionts
  Some hydrothermal vent animals have dense populations of bacteria on their surface
  Some fish and invertebrates use bacteria to make light
  bobtail squid uses bacterial bioluminescence for camouflage
  Endosymbionts of bryozoans produce compounds that protect the host from predation
  Sponges contain dense communities of specific microbes
  Some protists with endosymbionts can switch from heterotrophic to phototrophic metabolism
  Viruses may help a sea slug to use "stolen" chloroplasts for photosynthesis
  Conclusions
  References
  Further reading
  ch. 11 Microbial Diseases of Marine Organisms
  Diseases Of Invertebrates
  Diseases of invertebrates have major ecological and economic impact
  Infectious diseases of corals have emerged as a major threat to their survival
  fungus Aspergillus sydowii caused a mass mortality of sea fans in the Caribbean Sea
  Black band disease of corals is a long-established disease of corals worldwide
  White plague and white pox are major diseases affecting Caribbean reefs
  Extensive tissue necrosis of corals may involve bacteria and protistan parasites
  role of viruses in coral diseases is unclear
  Sponge disease is a poorly investigated global phenomenon
  Vibrios are a major cause of important diseases of cultured mollusks
  wide range of other bacteria can cause infections in bivalve mollusks
  Virus infections are a major problem in oyster culture
  Bacterial and viral diseases are major problems in aquaculture of crustaceans
  Expansion of intensive prawn culture has been accompanied by a dramatic spread in viral diseases
  Bacteria can cause epizootics with high mortalities in crustaceans
  Parasitic dinoflagellates are major pathogens of crustaceans
  Diseases Of Vertebrates
  Microbial diseases of fish cause major losses in aquaculture, but effects on natural populations are harder to determine
  importance of fish diseases in aquaculture has led to the development of specialized branches of veterinary science and diagnostic microbiology
  Bacteria produce infections in fish using a range of pathogenic mechanisms
  Vibrios are responsible for some of the main infections of marine fish
  Pasteurellosis is a major disease in warm-water marine fish
  Aeromonas salmonicida has a broad geographic range affecting fish in fresh and marine waters
  Marine flexibacteriosis is caused by an opportunist pathogen of low virulence
  Piscirickettsia and Francisella are intracellular proteobacteria causing economically important diseases in salmon and cod
  Intracellular Gram-positive bacteria cause chronic infections of fish
  Several Gram-positive cocci cause diseases affecting the central nervous system of fish
  Viruses cause numerous diseases of marine fish
  Infectious salmon anemia virus is one of the most important pathogens in salmon culture
  Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus infects many species of wild fish
  Lymphocystis virus causes a highly contagious chronic skin infection of fish
  Contents note continued: Birnaviruses appear to be widespread in marine fish and invertebrates
  Viral nervous necrosis is an emerging disease with major impact
  Protists can cause disease in fish via infections, toxins, and direct physical effects
  Dinoflagellate and diatom toxins can affect marine mammals
  Mass mortalities in the late twentieth century prompted the study of viral diseases of marine mammals
  Viruses from nine different families have been linked to diseases of marine mammals
  Several species of bacteria and fungi infect marine mammals
  Sea turtles are affected by a virus promoting growth of tumors
  Diseases Of Seaweeds And Seagrasses
  Fungi, bacteria, and protists cause ecologically and economically important diseases of seaweeds and seagrasses
  Many species of algae contain virus-like particles
  Conclusions
  References
  Further reading
  ch. 12 Marine Microbes as Agents of Human Disease
  Pathogenic vibrios are common in marine and estuarine environments
  Cholera is a major human disease with a reservoir in coastal environments
  Vibrio cholerae produces disease in humans owing to production of a toxin and other pathogenic factors
  Control of cholera remains a major world health problem
  Mobile genetic elements play a major role in the virulence of Vibrio cholerae
  Non-O1 and non-O139 serotypes of Vibrio cholerae are widely distributed in coastal and estuarine waters
  Vibrio vulnificus causes serious illness associated with seafood
  Distribution of Vibrio vulnificus in the marine environment is affected by temperature and salinity
  Vibrio vulnificus and other marine vibrios can cause wound infections
  Seafood-borne infection by Vibrio parahaemolyticus is common throughout the world
  Scombroid fish poisoning is a result of bacterial enzymic activity
  Botulism is a rare lethal intoxication from seafood
  Fugu poisoning is caused by a neurotoxin of probable bacterial origin
  Some diseases of marine mammals and fish can be transmitted to humans
  Toxic dinoflagellates and diatoms pose serious threats to human health
  Paralytic shellfish poisoning is caused by saxitoxins produced by dinoflagellates
  Management of paralytic shellfish poisoning depends on assaying toxins in shellfish
  Brevetoxin can cause illness via ingestion or inhalation during red tides
  Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning and azaspiracid poisoning result in gastrointestinal symptoms
  Amnesic shellfish poisoning is caused by toxic diatoms
  Ciguatera fish poisoning has a major impact on the health of tropical islanders
  Dinoflagellates and diatoms probably produce toxins as antipredator defense mechanisms
  incidence of harmful algal blooms and toxin-associated diseases is increasing owing to the interaction of many complex factors
  Coastal waters must be regularly monitored to assess the development of harmful algal blooms
  Conclusions
  References
  Further reading
  ch. 13 Microbial Aspects of Marine Biofouling, Biodeterioration, and Pollution
  Biofouling And Biodeterioration
  Microbial biofilms are often the first phase in biofouling
  Microbially induced corrosion occurs as a result of the activities of microorganisms within biofilms on metals, alloys and composite materials
  Microbes cause biodeterioration of marine wooden structures and timber
  Microbial growth and metabolism are the major cause of spoilage of seafood products
  Processing, packaging, and inhibitors of spoilage are used to extend shelf-life
  Some seafood products are produced by deliberate manipulation of microbial activities
  Microbial Aspects Of Marine Pollution By Sewage
  Coastal pollution by wastewater is a significant source of human disease
  range of human viruses are present in seawater contaminated by sewage
  Fecal indicator bacteria have been used for many years to test public health risks in marine water
  Escherichia coli and coliforms are unreliable indicators of human fecal pollution of the sea
  fecal streptococci or enterococci are more reliable indicators for monitoring marine water quality
  Molecular-based methods permit quicker analysis of indicator organisms and microbial source tracking
  variety of alternative indicator species have been investigated
  Different countries use different quality standards for marine waters
  Sewage pollution of water in which shellfish are harvested for human consumption poses a serious health hazard
  Many countries have microbiological standards for the classification of waters in which shellfish are cultivated
  Direct testing for pathogens in shellfish is possible using molecular techniques
  Oil And Other Chemical Pollution
  Oil pollution of the marine environment is a major problem
  range of microbes are responsible for biodegradation of oil at sea
  fate of oil depends on a combination of physical and biological processes
  Biodegradation is enhanced by addition of emulsifiers
  Addition of nutrients is necessary to increase the rate of oil biodegradation
  Bioremediation has been used to lessen the impact of oil spills on vulnerable coasts
  Microbes are important in the distribution of persistent organic pollutants
  Bacteria are effective in the removal of heavy metals from contaminated sediments
  Microbial systems can be used for monitoring the environment for toxic chemicals
  Mobilization of mercury by bacterial metabolism leads to accumulation of toxic mehylmercury
  Conclusions
  References
  Further reading
  ch. 14 Marine Microbes and Biotechnology
  Enzymes from marine microbes have many applications
  DNA polymerases from hydrothermal vent organisms are widely used in molecular biology
  Metagenomics and bioinformatics lead to new biotechnological developments
  Polymers from marine bacteria are finding increasing applications
  Microalgae are promising new sources of biofuels
  Marine microbes are a rich source of biomedical products
  Bioactive compounds from marine invertebrates may be produced by microbial symbionts
  New antimicrobial compounds may be discovered through study of complex microbial communities
  Marine microbes are the source of a range of health-promoting products
  New approaches to antifouling have been discovered through study of microbial colonization of surfaces
  Marine microbes are a rich source for biomimetics, nanotechnology, and bioelectronics
  Microbial biotechnology has many applications in aquaculture
  Most bacterial pathogens can be killed or inhibited by antimicrobial agents
  Resistance to antimicrobial agents is a major problem in aquaculture
  Vaccination of finfish is widely used in aquaculture
  Recombinant DNA technology is used to produce vaccines for diseases caused by viruses and some bacteria
  DNA vaccination or genetic immunization depends on expression of a sequence encoding the protective antigen
  Probiotics, prebiotics, and immunostimulants are widely used in marine aquaculture
  Conclusions
  References
  Further reading
  ch. 15 Concluding Remarks.