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    International law and the Arctic / Michael Byers with James Baker.

    • Title:International law and the Arctic / Michael Byers with James Baker.
    •    
    • Author/Creator:Byers, Michael, 1966- author.
    • Other Contributors/Collections:Baker, James (Arctic scholar), author.
    • Published/Created:New York : Cambridge University Press, 2013.
    • Holdings

       
    • Library of Congress Subjects:Arctic regions--International status.
      Arctic regions--International cooperation.
    • Description:xviii, 314 pages ; 24 cm.
    • Series:Cambridge studies in international and comparative law ; 103.
    • Summary:"Climate change and rising oil prices have thrust the Arctic to the top of the foreign policy agenda and raised difficult issues of sovereignty, security and environmental protection. Improved access for shipping and resource development is leading to new international rules on safety, pollution prevention and emergency response. Around the Arctic, maritime boundary disputes are being negotiated and resolved, and new international institutions, such as the Arctic Council, are mediating deep-rooted tensions between Russia and NATO and between nation states and indigenous peoples. International Law and the Arctic explains these developments and reveals a strong trend towards international cooperation and law-making. It thus contradicts the widespread misconception that the Arctic is an unregulated zone of potential conflict"-- Provided by publisher.
      "During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union squared off across the Arctic Ocean. Nuclear submarines prowled under the ice while long-range bombers patrolled high overhead. A more peaceful and cooperative approach emerged in 1990 when the two superpowers negotiated a maritime boundary in the Bering Sea, Bering Strait and Chukchi Sea. In 1996, the eight Arctic countries - the United States, Russia, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland - created the Arctic Council as an intergovernmental forum for discussing issues other than those of "military security." At the same time, Russia accepted Western assistance with the decommissioning and disposal of Soviet-era nuclear reactors and warheads"-- Provided by publisher.
    • Notes:Includes bibliographical references (pages 284-296) and index.
    • ISBN:9781107042759 (hardback)
      1107042755 (hardback)
    • Contents:Machine generated contents note: 1. Territory
      1. Hans Island
      2. Svalbard
      3. Greenland
      4. Sverdrup Islands
      5. Summary
      2. Maritime boundaries
      1. 1973 Canada-Denmark Boundary Treaty
      2. 1990 Bering Sea Treaty
      3. Maritime boundaries around Jan Mayen
      4. 2006 Greenland-Svalbard Boundary Treaty
      5. 2010 Barents Sea Boundary Treaty
      6. Lincoln Sea boundary
      7. Summary
      3. Beaufort Sea boundary
      1. Background
      2. Resolution efforts
      3. Canada's legal position
      4. United States' legal position
      5. Law of maritime boundary delimitation within 200 nautical miles
      6. Law of maritime boundary delimitation beyond 200 nautical miles
      7. Potential negotiating positions
      7.1. Unilateral recognition of the other state's position
      7.2. Coastal length
      7.3. Relevance of islands
      7.4. Concavity of the coastline
      7.5. Canada's position beyond the EEZ
      7.6. Inuvialuit Final Agreement: a complicating factor
      7.7. United States' position beyond the EEZ
      8. Options for United States-Canada cooperation
      8.1. Canada makes a preliminary or partial submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf
      8.2. United States sends a "no objection statement" to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf
      8.3. Canada and United States maximize combined EEZ rights with a "special area"
      8.4. Multifunctional delimitation
      8.5. Provision of economic access rights
      8.6. Joint development arrangement
      9. Russia-Canada maritime boundary in the Beaufort Sea?
      10. Summary
      4. Extended continental shelves
      1. Continental shelf regime
      2. Seafloor highs
      2.1. Oceanic ridges
      2.2. Submarine ridges and submarine elevations
      3. Geomorphological and geological characteristics of the central Arctic Ocean
      3.1. Lomonosov Ridge
      3.2. Alpha/Mendeleev Ridge
      3.3. Submissions, responses, and diplomacy
      4. Options for submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf
      4.1. Full submission without coordination with other states
      4.2. Exclude any disputed or potentially disputed area from the submission
      4.3. Agree not to object to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf considering data
      4.4. Coordinated submissions
      4.5. Joint submission
      5. Negotiating temporary lines or permanent boundaries before submitting
      5.1. Negotiate temporary lines in advance of Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf submissions
      5.2. Negotiate permanent boundaries in advance of Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf submissions
      6. Options for maritime boundary delimitation
      6.1. Delimitation of seafloor highs
      6.2. Delimiting ridges with sector or distance formulae
      6.3. Canada-Denmark boundary along the Lomonosov Ridge
      6.4. Third-party dispute resolution
      7. Non-Arctic states and Arctic continental shelves
      8. Summary
      5. Arctic Straits
      1. Northwest Passage
      1.1. Voyage of the SS Manhattan
      1.2. Voyage of the USCGC Polar Sea
      1.3. European Union and China
      1.4. 1988 Arctic Cooperation Agreement
      1.5. Concerns about a precedent
      2. Northern Sea Route
      2.1. Vil'Kitskii incidents
      2.2. Opening of the Northern Sea Route
      3. Assessment of Canada's and Russia's legal positions
      4. Canada-Russia cooperation
      5. Canada-United States cooperation
      6. Bering Strait
      7. Unimak Pass
      8. Nares Strait
      9. Multilateral mechanisms available to "strait states"
      10. Submarine voyages
      11. Summary
      6. Environmental protection
      1. Species protection
      1.1. Northern fur seals
      1.2. Polar bears
      1.3. Whales
      2. Fisheries
      2.1. Bering Sea "donut hole"
      2.2. Arctic Ocean Fisheries Organization
      3. Shipping
      3.1. Ship safety
      3.2. Ballast water
      4. Nuclear accidents
      5. Deep-sea mining
      6. Air-borne pollution
      6.1. Persistent organic pollutants
      6.2. Arctic haze
      6.3. Black carbon
      7. Oil spills
      7.1. United States
      7.2. Canada
      7.3. Norway
      7.4. Greenland
      7.5. Russia
      7.6. Liability for oil spills
      7.7. Agreement on oil spill preparedness and response
      8. Ecosystem-based management
      9. Summary
      7. Indigenous peoples
      1. Political participation and self-determination
      2. Indigenous rights and state claims
      3. Indigenous transnationalism and international law-making
      4. Circumpolar Inuit Declaration on Sovereignty
      5. Does sovereignty "begin at home"?
      6. Seal product exports
      7. Indigenous peoples and human rights
      8. Indigenous peoples and whaling
      9. Indigenous peoples and nuclear weapons
      10. Summary
      8. Security
      1. De-escalating the Pole
      2. China
      3. Arctic nuclear-weapon-free zones
      4. Non-state actors
      4.1. Drug-smuggling
      4.2. Illegal immigration
      4.3. Trafficking of weapons of mass destruction
      4.4. Terrorist attacks on aircraft
      4.5. Protests against oil and gas infrastructure
      5. Search and rescue
      6. Summary.
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