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• Title:Molecular biology : structure and dynamics of genomes and proteomes / Jordanka Zlatanova, Kensal E. van Holde.
  
•    
• Author/Creator:Zlatanova, J., author.
  
• Other Contributors/Collections:Van Holde, K. E. (Kensal Edward), 1928- author.
  
• Published/Created:New York, NY : Garland Science, Taylor and Francis Group, [2016]
  

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  • Location:BMB LIBRARY (VGH) stacksWhere is this?
    
  • Call Number: QH506 .Z53 2016
    
  • Number of Items:1
    
  • Status:Available
    

  • Location:WOODWARD LIBRARY stacksWhere is this?
    
  • Call Number: QH506 .Z53 2016
    
  • Number of Items:1
    
  • Status:Available
    
  • Links:Donor bookplate
    

   
• Library of Congress Subjects:Molecular biology.
  Genomes.
  Proteomics.
  
• Medical Subjects: Molecular Biology--methods.
  Genome--physiology.
  Proteome--physiology.
  Transcription, Genetic--genetics.
  
• Description:xix, 624 pages : illustrations (chiefly color) ; 28 cm
  
• Summary:Molecular Biology: Structure and Dynamics of Genomes and Proteomes illustrates the essential principles behind the transmission and expression of genetic information at the level of DNA, RNA, and proteins. This textbook emphasizes the experimental basis of discovery and the most recent advances in the field while presenting a structural, mechanistic understanding of molecular biology that is rigorous, yet concise. The text is written for advanced undergraduate or graduate-level courses in molecular biology.--From back cover.
  
• Notes:Includes bibliographical references and index.
  
• ISBN:9780815345046 paperback
  0815345046 paperback
  
• Contents:Machine generated contents note: 1.1. Introduction
  1.2. Vital Role Of Microscopy In Biology
  light microscope led to the first revolution in biology
  Biochemistry led to the discovery of the importance of macromolecules in life's structure and processes
  electron microscope provided another order of resolution
  1.3. Fine Structure Of Cells And Viruses As Revealed By Microscopy
  1.4. Ultrahigh Resolution: Biology At The Molecular Level
  Fluorescence techniques allow for one approach to ultraresolution
  Confocal fluorescence microscopy allows observation of the fluorescence emitted by a particular substance in a cell
  FIONA provides ultimate optical resolution by use of fluorescence
  FRET allows distance measurements at the molecular level
  Single-molecule cryo-electron microscopy is a powerful new technique
  atomic force microscope feels molecular structure
  X-ray diffraction and NMR provide resolution to the atomic level
  1.5. Molecular Genetics: Another Face Of Molecular Biology
  Key concepts
  Further Reading
  2.1. Introduction
  2.2. Classical Genetics And The Rules Of Trait Inheritance
  Gregor Mendel developed the formal rules of genetics
  Mendel's laws have extensions and exceptions
  Genes are arranged linearly on chromosomes and can be mapped
  nature of genes and how they determine phenotypes was long a mystery
  2.3. Great Breakthrough To Molecular Genetics
  Bacteria and bacteriophage exhibit genetic behavior and serve as model systems
  Transformation and transduction allow transfer of genetic information
  Watson-Crick model of DNA structure provided the final key to molecular genetics
  2.4. Model Organisms
  Key concepts
  Further Reading
  3.1. Introduction
  Proteins are macromolecules with enormous variety in size, structure, and function
  Proteins are essential for the structure and functioning of all organisms
  3.2. Protein Structure
  Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
  In proteins, amino acids are covalently connected to form polypeptides
  3.3. Levels Of Structure In The Polypeptide Chain
  primary structure of a protein is a unique sequence of amino acids
  protein's secondary structure involves regions of regular folding stabilized by hydrogen bonds
  Each protein has a unique three-dimensional tertiary structure
  tertiary structure of most proteins is divided into distinguishable folded domains
  Algorithms are now used to identify and classify domains in proteins of known sequence
  Some domains or proteins are intrinsically disordered
  Quaternary structure involves associations between protein molecules to form aggregated structures
  3.4. How Do Proteins Fold?
  Folding can be a problem
  Chaperones help or allow proteins to fold
  3.5. How Are Proteins Destroyed?
  proteasome is the general protein destruction system
  3.6. Proteome And Protein Interaction Networks
  New technologies allow a census of an organism's proteins and their interactions
  Key concepts
  Further Reading
  4.1. Introduction
  Protein sequences are dictated by nucleic acids
  4.2. Chemical Structure Of Nucleic Acids
  DNA and RNA have similar but different chemical structures
  Nucleic acids (polynucleotides) are polymers of nucleotides
  4.3. Physical Structures Of DNA
  Discovery of the B-DNA structure was a breakthrough in molecular biology
  number of alternative DNA structures exist
  Although the double helix is quite rigid, it can be bent by bound proteins
  DNA can also form folded tertiary structures
  Closed DNA circles can be twisted into supercoils
  4.4. Physical Structures Of RNA
  RNA can adopt a variety of complex structures but not the B-form helix
  4.5. One-Way Flow Of Genetic Information
  4.6. Methods Used To Study Nucleic Acids
  Key concepts
  Further Reading
  5.1. Introduction
  Cloning of DNA involves several fundamental steps
  5.2. Construction Of Recombinant DNA Molecules
  Restriction endonucleases and ligases are essential tools in cloning
  5.3. Vectors For Cloning
  Genes coding for selectable markers are inserted into vectors during their construction
  Bacterial plasmids were the first cloning vectors
  Recombinant bacteriophages can serve as bacterial vectors
  Cosmids and phagemids expand the repertoire of cloning vectors
  5.4. Artificial Chromosomes As Vectors
  Bacterial artificial chromosomes meet the need for cloning very large DNA fragments in bacteria
  Eukaryotic artificial chromosomes provide proper maintenance and expression of very large DNA fragments in eukaryotic cells
  5.5. Expression Of Recombinant Genes
  Expression vectors allow regulated and efficient expression of cloned genes
  Shuttle vectors can replicate in more than one organism
  5.6. Introducing Recombinant DNA Into Host Cells
  Numerous host-specific techniques are used to introduce recombinant DNA molecules into living cells
  5.7. Polymerase Chain Reaction And Site-Directed Mutagenesis
  5.8. Sequencing Of Entire Genomes
  Genomic libraries contain the entire genome of an organism as a collection of recombinant DNA molecules
  There are two approaches for sequencing large genomes
  5.9. Manipulating The Genetic Content Of Eukaryotic Organisms
  Making a transgenic mouse involves numerous steps
  To inactivate, replace, or otherwise modify a particular gene, the vector must be targeted for homologous recombination at that particular site
  5.10. Practical Applications Of Recombinant DNA Technologies
  Hundreds of pharmaceutical compounds are produced in recombinant bacteria
  Plant genetic engineering is a huge but controversial industry
  Gene therapy is a complex multistep process aiming to correct defective genes or gene functions that are responsible for disease
  Delivering a gene into sufficient cells within a specific tissue and ensuring its subsequent long-term expression is a challenge
  Whole animals can be cloned by nuclear transfer
  Key concepts
  Further Reading
  6.1. Introduction
  6.2. DNA-Protein Interactions
  DNA-protein binding occurs by many modes and mechanisms
  Site-specific binding is the most widely used mode
  Most recognition sites fall into a limited number of classes
  Most specific binding requires the insertion of protein into a DNA groove
  Some proteins cause DNA looping
  There are a few major protein motifs of DNA-binding domains
  Helix-turn-helix motif interacts with the major groove
  Zinc fingers also probe the major groove
  Leucine zippers are especially suited for dimeric sites
  6.3. RNA-Protein Interactions
  6.4. Studying Protein-Nucleic Acid Interactions
  Key concepts
  Further Reading
  7.1. Introduction
  7.2. Genes As Nucleic Acid Repositories Of Genetic Information
  Our understanding of the nature of genes is constantly evolving
  central dogma states that information flows from DNA to protein
  It was necessary to separate cellular RNAs to seek the adaptors
  Messenger RNA, tRNA, and ribosomes constitute the protein factories of the cell
  7.3. Relating Protein Sequence To DNA Sequence In The Genetic Code
  first task was to define the nature of the code
  7.4. Surprises From The Eukaryotic Cell: Introns And Splicing
  Eukaryotic genes usually contain interspersed noncoding sequences
  7.5. Genes From A New And Broader Perspective
  Protein-coding genes are complex
  Genome sequencing has revolutionized the gene concept
  Mutations, pseudogenes, and alternative splicing all contribute to gene diversity
  7.6. Comparing Whole Genomes And New Perspectives On Evolution
  Genome sequencing reveals puzzling features of genomes
  How are DNA sequence types and functions distributed in eukaryotes?
  Key concepts
  Further Reading
  8.1. Introduction
  8.2. Chromosomes Of Viruses And Bacteria
  Viruses are packages for minimal genomes
  Bacterial chromosomes are organized structures in the cytoplasm
  DNA-bending proteins and DNA-bridging proteins help to pack bacterial DNA
  8.3. Eukaryotic Chromatin
  Eukaryotic chromosomes are highly condensed DNA-protein complexes segregated into a nucleus
  nucleosome is the basic repeating unit of eukaryotic chromatin
  Histone nonallelic variants and postsynthetic modifications create a heterogeneous population of nucleosomes
  nucleosome family is dynamic
  Nucleosome assembly in vivo uses histone chaperones
  8.4. Higher-Order Chromatin Structure
  Nucleosomes along the DNA form a chromatin fiber
  chromatin fiber is folded, but its structure remains controversial
  organization of chromosomes in the interphase nucleus is still obscure
  8.5. Mitotic Chromosomes
  Chromosomes condense and separate in mitosis
  number of proteins are needed to form and maintain mitotic chromosomes
  Centromeres and telomeres are chromosome regions with special functions
  There are a number of models of mitotic chromosome structure
  Key concepts
  Further Reading
  9.1. Introduction
  9.2. Overview Of Transcription
  There are aspects of transcription common to all organisms
  Transcription requires the participation of many proteins
  Transcription is rapid but is often interrupted by pauses
  Transcription can be visualized by electron microscopy
  9.3. RNA Polymerases And Transcription Catalysis
  RNA polymerases are a large family of enzymes that produce RNA transcripts of polynucleotide templates
  9.4. Mechanics Of Transcription In Bacteria
  Initiation requires a multisubunit polymerase complex, termed the holoenzyme
  Contents note continued: initiation phase of bacterial transcription is frequently aborted
  Elongation in bacteria must overcome topological problems
  There are two mechanisms for transcription termination in bacteria
  Understanding transcription in bacteria is useful in clinical practice
  Key concepts
  Further Reading
  10.1. Introduction
  Transcription in eukaryotes is a complex, highly regulated process
  Eukaryotic cells contain multiple RNA polymerases, each specific for distinct functional subsets of genes
  10.2. Transcription By RNA Polymerase II
  yeast Pol II structure provides insights into transcriptional mechanisms
  structure of Pol II is more evolutionarily conserved than its sequence
  Nucleotide addition during transcription elongation is cyclic
  Transcription initiation depends on multisubunit protein complexes that assemble at core promoters
  additional protein complex is needed to connect Pol II to regulatory proteins
  Termination of eukaryotic transcription is coupled to polyadenylation of the RNA transcript
  10.3. Transcription By RNA Polymerase I
  10.4. Transcription By RNA Polymerase III
  RNA polymerase III specializes in transcription of small genes
  10.5. Transcription In Eukaryotes: Pervasive And Spatially Organized
  Most of the eukaryotic genome is transcribed
  Transcription in eukaryotes is not uniform within the nucleus
  Active and inactive genes are spatially separated in the nucleus
  10.6. Methods For Studying Eukaryotic Transcription
  battery of methods is available for the study of transcription
  Key concepts
  Further Reading
  11.1. Introduction
  11.2. General Models For Regulation Of Transcription
  Regulation can occur via differences in promoter strength or use of alternative a factors
  Regulation through ligand binding to RNA polymerase is called stringent control
  11.3. Specific Regulation Of Transcription
  Regulation of specific genes occurs through cis-trans interactions with transcription factors
  Transcription factors are activators and repressors whose own activity is regulated in a number of ways
  Several transcription factors can act synergistically or in opposition to activate or repress transcription
  11.4. Transcriptional Regulation Of Operons Important To Bacterial Physiology
  lac operon is controlled by a dissociable repressor and an activator
  Control of the trp operon involves both repression and attenuation
  same protein can serve as an activator or a repressor: the ara operon
  11.5. Other Modes Of Gene Regulation In Bacteria
  DNA supercoiling is involved in both global and local regulation of transcription
  DNA methylation can provide specific regulation
  11.6. Coordination Of Gene Expression In Bacteria
  Networks of transcription factors form the basis of coordinated gene expression
  Key concepts
  Further Reading
  12.1. Introduction
  12.2. Regulation Of Transcription Initiation: Regulatory Regions And Transcription Factors
  Core and proximal promoters are needed for basal and regulated transcription
  Enhancers, silencers, insulators, and locus control regions are all distal regulatory elements
  Some eukaryotic transcription factors are activators, others are repressors, and still others can be either, depending on context
  Regulation can use alternative components of the basal transcriptional machinery
  Mutations in gene regulatory regions and in transcriptional machinery components lead to human diseases
  12.3. Regulation Of Transcriptional Elongation
  polymerase may stall close to the promoter
  Transcription elongation rate can be regulated by elongation factors
  12.4. Transcription Regulation And Chromatin Structure
  What happens to nucleosomes during transcription?
  12.5. Regulation Of Transcription By Histone Modifications And Variants
  Modification of histones provides epigenetic control of transcription
  Gene expression is often regulated by histone post-translational modifications
  Readout of histone post-translational modification marks involves specialized protein molecules
  Post-translational histone marks distinguish transcriptionally active and inactive chromatin regions
  Some genes are specifically silenced by post-translational modification in some cell lines
  Polycomb protein complexes silence genes through H3K27 trimethylation and H2AK119 ubiquitylation
  Heterochromatin formation at telomeres in yeast silences genes through H4K16 deacetylation
  HP1-mediated gene repression in the majority of eukaryotic organisms involves H3K9 methylation
  Poly(ADP)ribosylation of proteins is involved in transcriptional regulation
  Histone variants H2A.Z, H3.3, and H2A.Bbd are present in active chromatin
  MacroH2A is a histone variant prevalent in inactive chromatin
  Problems caused by chromatin structure can be fixed by remodeling
  Endogenous metabolites can exert rheostat control of transcription
  12.6. DNA Methylation
  DNA methylation patterns in genomic DNA may participate in regulation of transcription
  Carcinogenesis alters the pattern of CpG methylation
  DNA methylation changes during embryonic development
  DNA methylation is governed by complex enzymatic machinery
  There are proteins that read the DNA methylation mark
  12.7. Long Noncoding Rnas In Transcriptional Regulation
  Noncoding RNAs play surprising roles in regulating transcription
  sizes and genomic locations of noncoding transcripts are remarkably diverse
  12.8. Methods For Measuring The Activity Of Transcriptional Regulatory Elements
  Key concepts
  Further Reading
  13.1. Introduction
  Rapid full-genome sequencing allows deep analysis
  13.2. Basic Concepts Of Encode
  Encode depends on high-throughput, massively processive sequencing and sophisticated computer algorithms for analysis
  ENCODE project integrates diverse data relevant to transcription in the human genome
  13.3. Regulatory DNA Sequence Elements
  Seven classes of regulatory DNA sequence elements make up the transcriptional landscape
  13.4. Specific Findings Concerning Chromatin Structure From Encode
  Millions of DNase I hypersensitive sites mark regions of accessible chromatin
  DNase I signatures at promoters are asymmetric and stereotypic
  Nucleosome positioning at promoters and around TF-binding sites is highly heterogeneous
  chromatin environment at regulatory elements and in gene bodies is also heterogeneous and asymmetric
  13.5. Encode Insights Into Gene Regulation
  Distal control elements are connected to promoters in a complex network
  Transcription factor binding defines the structure and function of regulatory regions
  Transcription factors interact in a huge network
  TF-binding sites and TF structure co-evolve
  DNA methylation patterns show a complex relationship with transcription
  13.6. Encode Overview
  What have we learned from ENCODE, and where is it leading?
  Certain methods are essential to ENCODE project studies
  Key concepts
  Further Reading
  14.1. Introduction
  Most RNA molecules undergo post-transcriptional processing
  There are four general categories of processing
  Eukaryotic RNAs exhibit much more processing than bacterial RNAs
  14.2. Processing Of tRNAS And rRNAS
  tRNA processing is similar in all organisms
  All three mature ribosomal RNA molecules are cleaved from a single long precursor RNA
  14.3. Processing Of Eukaryotic mRNA: End Modifications
  Eukaryotic mRNA capping is co-transcriptional
  Polyadenylation at the 3'-end serves a number of functions
  14.4. Processing Of Eukaryotic mRNA: Splicing
  splicing process is complex and requires great precision
  Splicing is carried out by spliceosomes
  Splicing can produce alternative mRNAs
  Tandem chimerism links exons from separate genes
  Trans-splicing combines exons residing in the two complementary DNA strands
  14.5. Regulation Of Splicing And Alternative Splicing
  Splice sites differ in strength
  Exon-intron architecture affects splice-site usage
  Cis-trans interactions may stimulate or inhibit splicing
  RNA secondary structure can regulate alternative splicing
  Sometimes alternative splicing regulation needs no auxiliary regulators
  rate of transcription and chromatin structure may help regulate splicing
  14.6. Self-Splicing: Introns And Ribozymes
  fraction of introns is excised by self-splicing RNA
  There are two classes of self-splicing introns
  14.7. Overview: The History Of An mRNA Molecule
  Proceeding from the primary transcript to a functioning mRNA requires a number of steps
  mRNA is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm through nuclear pore complexes
  RNA sequence can be edited by enzymatic modification even after transcription
  14.8. RNA Quality Control And Degradation
  Bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes all have mechanisms for RNA quality control
  Archaea and eukaryotes utilize specific pathways to deal with different RNA defects
  14.9. Biogenesis And Functions Of Small Silencing RNAS
  All ssRNAs are produced by processing from larger precursors
  Key concepts
  Further Reading
  15.1. Introduction
  15.2. Brief Overview Of Translation
  Three participants are needed for translation to occur
  15.3. Transfer RNA
  tRNA molecules fold into four-arm cloverleaf structures
  tRNAs are aminoacylated by a set of specific enzymes, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
  Aminoacylation of tRNA is a two-step process
  Quality control or proofreading occurs during the aminoacylation reaction
  Contents note continued: Insertion of noncanonical amino acids into polypeptide chains is guided by stop codons
  15.4. Messenger RNA
  Shine-Dalgarno sequence in bacterial mRNAs aligns the message on the ribosome
  Eukaryotic mRNAs do not have Shine-Dalgarno sequences but more complex 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions
  Overall translation efficiency depends on a number of factors
  15.5. Ribosomes
  ribosome is a two-subunit structure comprising rRNAs and numerous ribosomal proteins
  Functional ribosomes require both subunits, with specific complements of RNA and protein molecules
  small subunit can accept mRNA but must join with the large subunit for peptide synthesis to occur
  Ribosome assembly has been studied both in vivo and in vitro
  Key concepts
  Further Reading
  16.1. Introduction
  16.2. Overview Of Translation: How Fast And How Accurate?
  16.3. Advanced Methodology For The Analysis Of Translation
  Cryo-EM allows visualization of discrete kinetic states of ribosomes
  X-ray crystallography provides the highest resolution
  Single-pair fluorescence resonance energy transfer allows dynamic studies at the single-particle level
  16.4. Initiation Of Translation
  Initiation of translation begins on a free small ribosomal subunit
  Cryo-EM provides details of initiation complexes
  Start site selection in eukaryotes is complex
  16.5. Translational Elongation
  Decoding means matching the codon to the anticodon- carrying aminoacyl-tRNA
  Accommodation denotes a relaxation of distorted tRNA to allow peptide bond formation
  Peptide bond formation is accelerated by the ribosome
  formation of hybrid states is an essential part of translocation
  Structural information on bacterial elongation factors provides insights into mechanisms
  There is an exit tunnel for the peptide chain in the ribosome
  Translation elongation in eukaryotes involves even more factors
  16.6. Termination Of Translation
  RF3 aids in removing RF1 and RF2
  Ribosomes are recycled after termination
  Our views of translation continue to evolve
  Key concepts
  Further Reading
  17.1. Introduction
  17.2. Regulation Of Translation By Controlling Ribosome Number
  Ribosome numbers in bacteria are responsive to the environment
  Synthesis of ribosomal components in bacteria is coordinated
  Regulation of the synthesis of ribosomal components in eukaryotes involves chromatin structure
  17.3. Regulation Of Translation Initiation
  Regulation of translation initiation is ubiquitous and remarkably varied
  Regulation may depend on protein factors binding to the 5'- or 3'-ends of mRNA
  Cap-dependent regulation is the major pathway for controlling initiation
  Initiation may utilize internal ribosome entry sites
  5'-3'-UTR interactions provide a novel mechanism that regulates initiation in eukaryotes
  Riboswitches are RNA sequence elements that regulate initiation in response to stimuli
  MicroRNAs can bind to mRNA, thereby regulating translation
  17.4. mRNA Stability And Decay In Eukaryotes
  two major pathways of decay for nonfaulty mRNA molecules start with mRNA deadenylation
  5' -> 3' pathway is initiated by the activities of the decapping enzyme Dcp2
  3' -> 5' pathway uses the exosome, followed by a different decapping enzyme, DcpS
  There are additional pathways for mRNA degradation
  Unused mRNA is sequestered in P bodies and stress granules
  Cells have several mechanisms that destroy faulty mRNA molecules
  mRNA molecules that contain premature stop codons are degraded through nonsense-mediated decay or NMD
  No-go decay or NGD functions when the ribosome stalls during elongation
  Non-stop decay or NSD functions when mRNA does not contain a stop codon
  17.5. Mechanisms Of Translation
  Key concepts
  Further Reading
  18.1. Introduction
  18.2. Structure Of Biological Membranes
  Biological membranes are protein-rich lipid bilayers
  Numerous proteins are associated with biomembranes
  18.3. Protein Translocation Through Biological Membranes
  Protein translocation can occur during or after translation
  Membrane translocation in bacteria and archaea primarily functions for secretion
  Membrane translocation in eukaryotes serves a multitude of functions
  Integral membrane proteins have special mechanisms for membrane insertion
  Vesicles transport proteins between compartments in eukaryotic cells
  18.4. Proteolytic Protein Processing: Cutting, Splicing, And Degradation
  Proteolytic cleavage is sometimes used to produce mature proteins from precursors
  Some proteases can catalyze protein splicing
  Controlled proteolysis is also used to destroy proteins no longer needed
  18.5. Post-Translational Chemical Modifications Of Side Chains
  Modification of side chains can affect protein structure and function
  Phosphorylation plays a major role in signaling
  Acetylation mainly modifies interactions
  Several classes of glycosylated proteins contain added sugar moieties
  Mechanisms of glycosylation depend on the type of modification
  Ubiquitylation adds single or multiple ubiquitin molecules to proteins through an enzymatic cascade
  Specificity of ubiquitin targeting is determined by a special class of enzymes
  structure of protein-ubiquitin conjugates determines the biological role of the modification
  Polyubiquitin marks proteins for degradation by the proteasome
  Sumoylation adds single or multiple SUMO molecules to proteins
  18.6. Genomic Origin Of Proteins
  Key concepts
  Further Reading
  19.1. Introduction
  19.2. Features Of DNA Replication Shared By All Organisms
  Replication on both strands creates a replication fork
  Mechanistically, synthesis of new DNA chains requires a template, a polymerase, and a primer
  DNA replication requires the simultaneous action of two DNA polymerases
  Other protein factors are obligatory at the replication fork
  19.3. DNA Replication In Bacteria
  Bacterial chromosome replication is bidirectional, from a single origin of replication
  DNA polymerase III catalyzes replication in bacteria
  Sliding clamp 13, or processivity factor, is essential for processivity
  clamp loader organizes the replisome
  full complement of proteins in the replisome is organized in a complex and dynamic way
  DNA polymerase I is necessary for maturation of Okazaki fragments
  19.4. Process Of Bacterial Replication
  replisome is a dynamic structure during elongation
  19.5. Initiation And Termination Of Bacterial Replication
  Initiation involves both specific DNA sequence elements and numerous proteins
  Termination of replication also employs specific DNA sequences and protein factors that bind to them
  19.6. Bacteriophage And Plasmid Replication
  Rolling-circle replication is an alternative mechanism
  Phage replication can involve both bidirectional and rolling-circle mechanisms
  Key concepts
  Further Reading
  20.1. Introduction
  20.2. Replication Initiation In Eukaryotes
  Replication initiation in eukaryotes proceeds from multiple origins
  Eukaryotic origins of replication have diverse DNA and chromatin structure depending on the biological species
  There is a defined scenario for formation of initiation complexes
  Re-replication must be prevented
  Histone methylation regulates onset of licensing
  20.3. Replication Elongation In Eukaryotes
  Eukaryotic replisomes both resemble and significantly differ from those of bacteria
  Other components of the bacterial replisome have functional counterparts in eukaryotes
  Eukaryotic elongation has some special dynamic features
  20.4. Replication Of Chromatin
  Chromatin structure is dynamic during replication
  Histone chaperones may play multiple roles in replication
  Both old and newly synthesized histones are required in replication
  Epigenetic information in chromatin must also be replicated
  20.5. DNA End-Replication Problem And Its Resolution
  Telomerase solves the end-replication problem
  Alternative lengthening of telomeres pathway is active in telomerase-deficient cells
  20.6. Mitochondrial DNA Replication
  Are circular mitochondrial genomes myth or reality?
  Models of mitochondria) genome replication are contentious
  20.7. Replication In Viruses That Infect Eukaryotes
  Retroviruses use reverse transcriptase to copy RNA into DNA
  Key concepts
  Further Reading
  21.1. Introduction
  21.2. Homologous Recombination
  Homologous recombination plays a number of roles in bacteria
  Homologous recombination has multiple roles in mitotic cells
  Meiotic exchange is essential to eukaryotic evolution
  21.3. Homologous Recombination In Bacteria
  End resection requires the RecBCD complex
  Strand invasion and strand exchange both depend on RecA
  Much concerning homologous recombination is still not understood
  Holliday junctions are the essential intermediary structures in HR
  21.4. Homologous Recombination In Eukaryotes
  Proteins involved in eukaryotic recombination resemble their bacterial counterparts
  HR malfunction is connected with many human diseases
  Meiotic recombination allows exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes in meiosis
  21.5. Nonhomologous Recombination
  Transposable elements or transposons are mobile DNA sequences that change positions in the genome
  Many transposons are transcribed but only a few have known functions
  There are several types of transposons
  DNA class II transposons can use either of two mechanisms to transpose themselves
  Contents note continued: Retrotransposons, or class I transposons, require an RNA intermediate
  21.6. Site-Specific Recombination
  Bacteriophage A integrates into the bacterial genome by site-specific recombination
  Immunoglobulin gene rearrangements also occur through site-specific recombination
  Key concepts
  Further Reading
  22.1. Introduction
  22.2. Types Of Lesions In DNA
  Natural agents, from both within and outside a cell, can change the information content of DNA
  22.3. Pathways And Mechanisms Of DNA Repair
  DNA lesions are countered by a number of mechanisms of repair
  Thymine dimers are directly repaired by DNA photolyase
  enzyme 06-alkylguanine alkyltransferase is involved in the repair of alkylated bases
  Nucleotide excision repair is active on helix-distorting lesions
  Base excision repair corrects damaged bases
  Mismatch repair corrects errors in base pairing
  Methyl-directed mismatch repair in bacteria uses methylation on adenines as a guide
  Mismatch repair pathways in eukaryotes may be directed by strand breaks during DNA replication
  Repair of double-strand breaks can be error-free or error-prone
  Homologous recombination repairs double-strand breaks faithfully
  Nonhomologous end-joining restores the continuity of the DNA double helix in an error-prone process
  22.4. Translesion Synthesis
  Many repair pathways utilize RecQ helicases
  22.5. Chromatin As An Active Player In DNA Repair
  Histone variants and their post-translational modifications are specifically involved in DNA repair
  22.6. Overview: The Role Of DNA Repair In Life
  Key concepts.