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Evolutionary medicine / Stephen C. Stearns, Yale University, Ruslan Medzhitov, Yale University.
Bibliographic Record Display
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Title:Evolutionary medicine / Stephen C. Stearns, Yale University, Ruslan Medzhitov, Yale University.
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Author/Creator:Stearns, S. C. (Stephen C.), 1946- author.
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Other Contributors/Collections:Medzhitov, Ruslan, author.
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Published/Created:Sunderland, MA : Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers, [2016]
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Holdings
Holdings Record Display
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Location:WOODWARD LIBRARY stacksWhere is this?
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Call Number: QZ40 .S75 2016
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Number of Items:1
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Status:Available
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Location:WOODWARD LIBRARY stacksWhere is this?
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Library of Congress Subjects:Diseases--Causes and theories of causation.
Human evolution.
Environmentally induced diseases.
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Medical Subjects: Disease--etiology.
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Description:xix, 306 pages ; 24 cm
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Summary:"Stearns and Medzhitov offer a textbook on evolutionary aspects of medicine, some of which provide immediate answers to help relieve suffering, and others of which can clarify understanding about organisms and their relationship to the environment and each other. They cover evolutionary thinking, what a patient is, what a disease is, defenses, pathogen evolution, cancer, reproductive medicine, mismatch, mental disorders, individual health versus population health, and open questions and other issues."--Annotation ©2015 Ringgold, Inc., Portland, OR (protoview.com).
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Notes:Includes bibliographical references and index.
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ISBN:9781605352602 (pbk.)
1605352608 (pbk.)
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Contents:Machine generated contents note: Natural selection
four necessary conditions
Variation in reproductive success
Variation in traits
correlation of traits with reproductive success
Variation must have a genetic basis
example: Antibiotic resistance
Other cases of medical importance
Summary
Neutral evolution
genetic code is redundant
Some DNA is not expressed
Some amino acid substitutions do not change protein function
Canalization buffers phenotypes against genetic and environmental changes
Some phenotypic variation has no effect on reproductive success
Trade-offs cause fitness compensation among traits
Summary
Mechanisms causing random change
sense in which mutations are random
Effects of small populations
Meiosis is a fair coin
Genes drift when they land at random in families of different sizes
molecular clock seen in influenza samples
Summary
Mismatch
Mismatch in time and space
Traits are adapted to things that happen frequently
Summary
Adaptation
Observing natural selection
Perturbing the trait
Producing the trait only when it serves a function
design criterion
Resisting invasion
Summary
Styles of thought
Typological thinking
Population thinking
Tree thinking
Summary
Ancient histories with medical consequences
Asymmetric division: The condition for the evolution of aging
Most cancers originate in stem cells
transposon insertion enabled the vertebrate adaptive immune system
Invasive placentas occur in lineages with risk of metastasis
transition to bipedal locomotion led to problems giving birth
Summary
Recent history generating diversity
Migration out of Africa
Genetic evidence on recent human evolution
Support for the concept of race is weak
Summary
Variation in disease resistance
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
Sequencing approaches
Genes with large effects
Genes with moderate effects
Genes with small effects
effect of variation in the pathogen
Summary
Variation in drug metabolism
Variation in cytochrome P450s (CYPs)
Variation in N-acetyl transferases
Individual reactions to chemotherapy
Using GWAS to discover genetic variation for drug response
Summary
Variation in life history traits
Age and size at maturity
Phenotypic plasticity for maturation in humans
Summary
Plasticity and reaction norms
Reaction norm basics
Genetic correlations among traits are plastic
medical significance of phenotypic plasticity
Summary
Trade-offs
Trade-offs as energy allocations
Where do trade-offs occur, and what causes them?
Is there a trade-off between reproduction and survival in humans?
Hormones and the trade-off between growth, reproduction, and immune function
Do trade-offs evolve? The case of compensatory mutations
Deviations from "normal" are unavoidable and often have costs
Summary
Aging
Extrinsic and intrinsic mortality
key assumptions of the evolutionary theory of aging
causes of aging
Why the body is disposable
Who should age? Are any organisms potentially immortal?
What mechanisms mediate aging?
Could humans be selected to live longer?
Summary
The-unusual human life history
Oocytic atresia and selective spontaneous abortions
Size at birth: Where many trade-offs start
Growth patterns
Patterns of reproductive investment
Life span and aging
Menopause
Summary
Developmental origins of health and disease
Two early hypotheses: Thrifty genotypes and thrifty phenotypes
Dutch Hunger Winter
effects of pregnancy-related stress under more normal conditions
Is the response adaptive?
Summary
microbiota and their microbiome
Codevelopment: Evidence of coevolution
Delivery method affects disease risk
Breast-feeding affects disease risk
Antibiotic treatments increase the risk of atopies and obesity
Geographic comparisons of populations
Summary
So, what is a patient?
Classifications of disease
Four perspectives on human diseases
Diseases have both mechanistic and evolutionary explanations
Genetic and environmental causation are each of two types
Gene-environment interactions: G x E causation
Summary
Organs and tissues: From vulnerable to robust
Tissue renewal and repair
Sensitivity to stress
Vulnerability to threats
weakest physiological links
Built-in safety factors
Trade-offs and constraints explain vulnerability
Trade-offs and mismatch: When large benefits can carry large costs
Summary
From fixed to adjustable
Summary
changing nature of disease
Monogenic and stochastic developmental diseases
Environmental diseases
Summary
Maintenance and defense originated in homeostasis
Distinctions among the three processes
Two types of maintenance mechanisms
Inducible versus constitutive processes
Summary
Types of defense and costs
nature of environmental hostility
Defenses have costs: They participate in trade-offs
structure of the costs of defense
How defenses lead to disease
When do costs become unacceptable?
When do defenses cause disease? When should symptoms be treated?
Summary
Specialized defenses
Starvation
Dehydration and volume depletion
Cold and heat stress
Hypoxia
fight-or-flight response
Pain (nociception)
Tissue repair and blood clotting
Inflammatory response
Allergic defenses
detoxification response
immune response to infection
Diseases of exaggerated defense
Summary
Key characteristics of defenses
Constitutive versus inducible
Innate versus acquired
Time scales of deployment
Similarities in immune and behavioral defenses
benefits and costs of flexibility and homeostasis
Redundancy, compensation, and compatibility of defenses
Summary
Defense strategies: Avoidance, resistance, and tolerance
Conceptualizing resistance and tolerance
Defense and physiological priorities
Failure of tolerance can contribute to infectious disease mortality
classic case of tolerance: Simian immunodeficiency virus in its natural hosts
Tolerance has its own costs
Summary
Evolution of immunity
innate immune system
adaptive immune system
Clonal selection
Immune defense and its costs
Summary
Virulence caused by pathogens
virulence-transmission tradeoff
Vertical versus horizontal transmission
Single versus multiple infection
One versus many host species
Spillover virulence in facultative opportunists
effect of human interventions on pathogen virulence
Imperfect vaccines and virulence
Summary
Managing the microbiome: Symbionts versus pathogens
gut ecosystem
skin ecosystem
Extrinsic and intrinsic virulence
Tolerance, resistance, and susceptibility: The lessons of rinderpest
Summary
Evasion and suppression of the immune system
Immune suppression by viruses
Variation of surface properties by bacteria
Bacteria that hide inside cells
Toxoplasma, a single-celled eukaryotic pathogen, hides in cysts
Plasmodium confronts and solves problems in two hosts
Trypanosomes, the classical case of antigenic variation
Immune suppression
Summary
rapid evolution of antibiotic resistance
What are antibiotics, and how do they work?
How do resistance genes get into patients?
Bacterial genetics have implications for therapy
Why does resistance evolve quickly and spread widely?
How can we delay, avoid, or prevent the evolution of antibiotic resistance?
Summary
Therapies that mitigate evolutionary consequences
Slowing resistance evolution by managing therapy
Phage therapy
Disrupting bacterial production of public goods
Summary
Cancer basics
Types of cancer
Hallmarks of cancer
Cancer prevalence
Why humans are especially susceptible to cancer
Summary
Why we are susceptible
causes and consequences of aging
multicellular covenant and the double edged sword of stem cells
Are there really genes "for" cancer?
Somatic mutations and cancer: Heterogeneous risk
Summary
Every cancer is an instance of clonal evolution
Neoplasms evolve by natural selection
Clonal evolution has some special features
Summary
Cancer phylogenetics
insight from pancreatic cancer
problem of genetic heterogeneity
Using phylogenies to evaluate preventive therapies
Summary
Immune evasion and suppression
Dealing with a major enemy: Natural killer cells
Exploiting a chink in the armor: Protection against autoimmunity
Modifying metabolism to create an advantage for cancer
Summary
Evolved resistance to chemotherapy
Targeted immunotherapy
Evolutionary approaches
Summary
evolution of mammalian reproduction
evolutionary developmental genetics of multicellular eukaryotes
evolution of the female reproductive system
One mechanism involved in the innovations: Transposon insertion
Summary
evolution of invasive placentas
Placental morphology
history of placental layers and shapes
Placental morphology and risk of pre-eclampsia
Placental invasiveness and risk of metastasis
Summary
Parent-offspring conflict, genomic imprinting, and pregnancy
basic idea of kin selection
Contents note continued: basic idea of parent-offspring conflict
Parent-offspring conflicts in pregnancy
Evolutionary conflicts and genomic imprinting
Evolutionary conflicts and mental disorders
Summary
Menstruation
comparative biology and evolutionary history of menstruation
Summary
Menopause
Summary
Upright posture and childbirth
Childbirth is risky
Human bipedalism and brain size combine to make birth difficult
Summary
Environmental change in humans
importance of relative rates
many consequences of human niche construction
Dysevolution and the mismatch diseases
different consequences of undirected, unpredictable environmental and cultural change
roles of microbiota in human health
Summary
Mismatches in time: The major cultural and epidemiological transitions
message of lactase persistence
Summary
Mismatches in space: Emigration and immigration
Summary
Obesity, a condition with many causes
Energy balance: Too much food, too little exercise
Food quality
Sleep deprivation and ghrelin
Breast-feeding and cesarean sections
Abnormal weight early in life
Summary
Type 2 diabetes
Summary
Cardiovascular disease
Summary
Female reproductive cancers
Summary
Hygiene and old friends, asthma, and autoimmune diseases
Correlations between parasite exposure, atopies, and autoimmune diseases
How might worms be interacting with the immune system?
Worm therapy is a risky trade-off
Clinical trials of worm therapy have not yet been successful
Summary
Conclusion
special difficulties of explaining mental disorders
null hypothesis
How evolution might enter the picture
Mental disorders as by-products of defense systems
Mental disorders as diseases of homeostasis and mismatch
Summary
Drug addiction
innate reward and pain-suppression systems
Hijacking the reward system
Self-medicating with plant compounds
Genetic variation in susceptibility to addiction
Summary
Anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorders
Anxiety
smoke detector principle and the null hypothesis of complex systems
Depression
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Summary
Autism and schizophrenia
Meta-analysis using copy-number variation
Size at birth as a marker of risk of mental disorders
Summary
scientific and moral landscape
Summary
Population consequences of medical decisions
Vaccination
Antibiotic therapy
Weighing the good of the individual against the good of the population
Summary
Great Transition
How declines in mortality and fertility are changing selection
effects of changed selection on life history evolution
Increased longevity and the exposure of antagonistic pleiotropy
Summary
Nutrition, energetics, and fertility
shift from infectious to degenerative disease
Summary
Open questions
Can we develop evolution-proof antimicrobial therapies?
Can we switch the host-pathogen interaction from resistance to tolerance?
Does virulence evolve when leaky vaccines are used?
Can we treat cancer by slowing somatic evolution?
What are the ultimate reasons for susceptibility to cancer?
Do early life history late life history trade-offs suggest treatments for aging?
What is the role of parent-of-origin imprinting in mental disease?
Summary
Why some issues were not addressed in more detail
Life history evolution does not predict intelligence or criminality
Much of what is written about paleodiets is bad science
Summary
Differences between classical and evolutionary medicine
Summary.