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    Evolutionary medicine / Stephen C. Stearns, Yale University, Ruslan Medzhitov, Yale University.

    • Title:Evolutionary medicine / Stephen C. Stearns, Yale University, Ruslan Medzhitov, Yale University.
    •    
    • Author/Creator:Stearns, S. C. (Stephen C.), 1946- author.
    • Other Contributors/Collections:Medzhitov, Ruslan, author.
    • Published/Created:Sunderland, MA : Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers, [2016]
    • Holdings

       
    • Library of Congress Subjects:Diseases--Causes and theories of causation.
      Human evolution.
      Environmentally induced diseases.
    • Medical Subjects: Disease--etiology.
    • Description:xix, 306 pages ; 24 cm
    • Summary:"Stearns and Medzhitov offer a textbook on evolutionary aspects of medicine, some of which provide immediate answers to help relieve suffering, and others of which can clarify understanding about organisms and their relationship to the environment and each other. They cover evolutionary thinking, what a patient is, what a disease is, defenses, pathogen evolution, cancer, reproductive medicine, mismatch, mental disorders, individual health versus population health, and open questions and other issues."--Annotation ©2015 Ringgold, Inc., Portland, OR (protoview.com).
    • Notes:Includes bibliographical references and index.
    • ISBN:9781605352602 (pbk.)
      1605352608 (pbk.)
    • Contents:Machine generated contents note: Natural selection
      four necessary conditions
      Variation in reproductive success
      Variation in traits
      correlation of traits with reproductive success
      Variation must have a genetic basis
      example: Antibiotic resistance
      Other cases of medical importance
      Summary
      Neutral evolution
      genetic code is redundant
      Some DNA is not expressed
      Some amino acid substitutions do not change protein function
      Canalization buffers phenotypes against genetic and environmental changes
      Some phenotypic variation has no effect on reproductive success
      Trade-offs cause fitness compensation among traits
      Summary
      Mechanisms causing random change
      sense in which mutations are random
      Effects of small populations
      Meiosis is a fair coin
      Genes drift when they land at random in families of different sizes
      molecular clock seen in influenza samples
      Summary
      Mismatch
      Mismatch in time and space
      Traits are adapted to things that happen frequently
      Summary
      Adaptation
      Observing natural selection
      Perturbing the trait
      Producing the trait only when it serves a function
      design criterion
      Resisting invasion
      Summary
      Styles of thought
      Typological thinking
      Population thinking
      Tree thinking
      Summary
      Ancient histories with medical consequences
      Asymmetric division: The condition for the evolution of aging
      Most cancers originate in stem cells
      transposon insertion enabled the vertebrate adaptive immune system
      Invasive placentas occur in lineages with risk of metastasis
      transition to bipedal locomotion led to problems giving birth
      Summary
      Recent history generating diversity
      Migration out of Africa
      Genetic evidence on recent human evolution
      Support for the concept of race is weak
      Summary
      Variation in disease resistance
      Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
      Sequencing approaches
      Genes with large effects
      Genes with moderate effects
      Genes with small effects
      effect of variation in the pathogen
      Summary
      Variation in drug metabolism
      Variation in cytochrome P450s (CYPs)
      Variation in N-acetyl transferases
      Individual reactions to chemotherapy
      Using GWAS to discover genetic variation for drug response
      Summary
      Variation in life history traits
      Age and size at maturity
      Phenotypic plasticity for maturation in humans
      Summary
      Plasticity and reaction norms
      Reaction norm basics
      Genetic correlations among traits are plastic
      medical significance of phenotypic plasticity
      Summary
      Trade-offs
      Trade-offs as energy allocations
      Where do trade-offs occur, and what causes them?
      Is there a trade-off between reproduction and survival in humans?
      Hormones and the trade-off between growth, reproduction, and immune function
      Do trade-offs evolve? The case of compensatory mutations
      Deviations from "normal" are unavoidable and often have costs
      Summary
      Aging
      Extrinsic and intrinsic mortality
      key assumptions of the evolutionary theory of aging
      causes of aging
      Why the body is disposable
      Who should age? Are any organisms potentially immortal?
      What mechanisms mediate aging?
      Could humans be selected to live longer?
      Summary
      The-unusual human life history
      Oocytic atresia and selective spontaneous abortions
      Size at birth: Where many trade-offs start
      Growth patterns
      Patterns of reproductive investment
      Life span and aging
      Menopause
      Summary
      Developmental origins of health and disease
      Two early hypotheses: Thrifty genotypes and thrifty phenotypes
      Dutch Hunger Winter
      effects of pregnancy-related stress under more normal conditions
      Is the response adaptive?
      Summary
      microbiota and their microbiome
      Codevelopment: Evidence of coevolution
      Delivery method affects disease risk
      Breast-feeding affects disease risk
      Antibiotic treatments increase the risk of atopies and obesity
      Geographic comparisons of populations
      Summary
      So, what is a patient?
      Classifications of disease
      Four perspectives on human diseases
      Diseases have both mechanistic and evolutionary explanations
      Genetic and environmental causation are each of two types
      Gene-environment interactions: G x E causation
      Summary
      Organs and tissues: From vulnerable to robust
      Tissue renewal and repair
      Sensitivity to stress
      Vulnerability to threats
      weakest physiological links
      Built-in safety factors
      Trade-offs and constraints explain vulnerability
      Trade-offs and mismatch: When large benefits can carry large costs
      Summary
      From fixed to adjustable
      Summary
      changing nature of disease
      Monogenic and stochastic developmental diseases
      Environmental diseases
      Summary
      Maintenance and defense originated in homeostasis
      Distinctions among the three processes
      Two types of maintenance mechanisms
      Inducible versus constitutive processes
      Summary
      Types of defense and costs
      nature of environmental hostility
      Defenses have costs: They participate in trade-offs
      structure of the costs of defense
      How defenses lead to disease
      When do costs become unacceptable?
      When do defenses cause disease? When should symptoms be treated?
      Summary
      Specialized defenses
      Starvation
      Dehydration and volume depletion
      Cold and heat stress
      Hypoxia
      fight-or-flight response
      Pain (nociception)
      Tissue repair and blood clotting
      Inflammatory response
      Allergic defenses
      detoxification response
      immune response to infection
      Diseases of exaggerated defense
      Summary
      Key characteristics of defenses
      Constitutive versus inducible
      Innate versus acquired
      Time scales of deployment
      Similarities in immune and behavioral defenses
      benefits and costs of flexibility and homeostasis
      Redundancy, compensation, and compatibility of defenses
      Summary
      Defense strategies: Avoidance, resistance, and tolerance
      Conceptualizing resistance and tolerance
      Defense and physiological priorities
      Failure of tolerance can contribute to infectious disease mortality
      classic case of tolerance: Simian immunodeficiency virus in its natural hosts
      Tolerance has its own costs
      Summary
      Evolution of immunity
      innate immune system
      adaptive immune system
      Clonal selection
      Immune defense and its costs
      Summary
      Virulence caused by pathogens
      virulence-transmission tradeoff
      Vertical versus horizontal transmission
      Single versus multiple infection
      One versus many host species
      Spillover virulence in facultative opportunists
      effect of human interventions on pathogen virulence
      Imperfect vaccines and virulence
      Summary
      Managing the microbiome: Symbionts versus pathogens
      gut ecosystem
      skin ecosystem
      Extrinsic and intrinsic virulence
      Tolerance, resistance, and susceptibility: The lessons of rinderpest
      Summary
      Evasion and suppression of the immune system
      Immune suppression by viruses
      Variation of surface properties by bacteria
      Bacteria that hide inside cells
      Toxoplasma, a single-celled eukaryotic pathogen, hides in cysts
      Plasmodium confronts and solves problems in two hosts
      Trypanosomes, the classical case of antigenic variation
      Immune suppression
      Summary
      rapid evolution of antibiotic resistance
      What are antibiotics, and how do they work?
      How do resistance genes get into patients?
      Bacterial genetics have implications for therapy
      Why does resistance evolve quickly and spread widely?
      How can we delay, avoid, or prevent the evolution of antibiotic resistance?
      Summary
      Therapies that mitigate evolutionary consequences
      Slowing resistance evolution by managing therapy
      Phage therapy
      Disrupting bacterial production of public goods
      Summary
      Cancer basics
      Types of cancer
      Hallmarks of cancer
      Cancer prevalence
      Why humans are especially susceptible to cancer
      Summary
      Why we are susceptible
      causes and consequences of aging
      multicellular covenant and the double edged sword of stem cells
      Are there really genes "for" cancer?
      Somatic mutations and cancer: Heterogeneous risk
      Summary
      Every cancer is an instance of clonal evolution
      Neoplasms evolve by natural selection
      Clonal evolution has some special features
      Summary
      Cancer phylogenetics
      insight from pancreatic cancer
      problem of genetic heterogeneity
      Using phylogenies to evaluate preventive therapies
      Summary
      Immune evasion and suppression
      Dealing with a major enemy: Natural killer cells
      Exploiting a chink in the armor: Protection against autoimmunity
      Modifying metabolism to create an advantage for cancer
      Summary
      Evolved resistance to chemotherapy
      Targeted immunotherapy
      Evolutionary approaches
      Summary
      evolution of mammalian reproduction
      evolutionary developmental genetics of multicellular eukaryotes
      evolution of the female reproductive system
      One mechanism involved in the innovations: Transposon insertion
      Summary
      evolution of invasive placentas
      Placental morphology
      history of placental layers and shapes
      Placental morphology and risk of pre-eclampsia
      Placental invasiveness and risk of metastasis
      Summary
      Parent-offspring conflict, genomic imprinting, and pregnancy
      basic idea of kin selection
      Contents note continued: basic idea of parent-offspring conflict
      Parent-offspring conflicts in pregnancy
      Evolutionary conflicts and genomic imprinting
      Evolutionary conflicts and mental disorders
      Summary
      Menstruation
      comparative biology and evolutionary history of menstruation
      Summary
      Menopause
      Summary
      Upright posture and childbirth
      Childbirth is risky
      Human bipedalism and brain size combine to make birth difficult
      Summary
      Environmental change in humans
      importance of relative rates
      many consequences of human niche construction
      Dysevolution and the mismatch diseases
      different consequences of undirected, unpredictable environmental and cultural change
      roles of microbiota in human health
      Summary
      Mismatches in time: The major cultural and epidemiological transitions
      message of lactase persistence
      Summary
      Mismatches in space: Emigration and immigration
      Summary
      Obesity, a condition with many causes
      Energy balance: Too much food, too little exercise
      Food quality
      Sleep deprivation and ghrelin
      Breast-feeding and cesarean sections
      Abnormal weight early in life
      Summary
      Type 2 diabetes
      Summary
      Cardiovascular disease
      Summary
      Female reproductive cancers
      Summary
      Hygiene and old friends, asthma, and autoimmune diseases
      Correlations between parasite exposure, atopies, and autoimmune diseases
      How might worms be interacting with the immune system?
      Worm therapy is a risky trade-off
      Clinical trials of worm therapy have not yet been successful
      Summary
      Conclusion
      special difficulties of explaining mental disorders
      null hypothesis
      How evolution might enter the picture
      Mental disorders as by-products of defense systems
      Mental disorders as diseases of homeostasis and mismatch
      Summary
      Drug addiction
      innate reward and pain-suppression systems
      Hijacking the reward system
      Self-medicating with plant compounds
      Genetic variation in susceptibility to addiction
      Summary
      Anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorders
      Anxiety
      smoke detector principle and the null hypothesis of complex systems
      Depression
      Obsessive-compulsive disorder
      Summary
      Autism and schizophrenia
      Meta-analysis using copy-number variation
      Size at birth as a marker of risk of mental disorders
      Summary
      scientific and moral landscape
      Summary
      Population consequences of medical decisions
      Vaccination
      Antibiotic therapy
      Weighing the good of the individual against the good of the population
      Summary
      Great Transition
      How declines in mortality and fertility are changing selection
      effects of changed selection on life history evolution
      Increased longevity and the exposure of antagonistic pleiotropy
      Summary
      Nutrition, energetics, and fertility
      shift from infectious to degenerative disease
      Summary
      Open questions
      Can we develop evolution-proof antimicrobial therapies?
      Can we switch the host-pathogen interaction from resistance to tolerance?
      Does virulence evolve when leaky vaccines are used?
      Can we treat cancer by slowing somatic evolution?
      What are the ultimate reasons for susceptibility to cancer?
      Do early life history late life history trade-offs suggest treatments for aging?
      What is the role of parent-of-origin imprinting in mental disease?
      Summary
      Why some issues were not addressed in more detail
      Life history evolution does not predict intelligence or criminality
      Much of what is written about paleodiets is bad science
      Summary
      Differences between classical and evolutionary medicine
      Summary.
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