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    Introduction to epidemiology / Ray M. Merrill.

    • Title:Introduction to epidemiology / Ray M. Merrill.
    •    
    • Author/Creator:Merrill, Ray M., author.
    • Published/Created:Burlington, Massachusetts : Jones & Bartlett Learning, [2017]
    • Holdings

       
    • Library of Congress Subjects:Epidemiology--Study and teaching.
      Epidemiology.
    • Medical Subjects: Epidemiologic Methods.
      Epidemiology.
    • Genre/Form:Textbooks.
    • Edition:Seventh edition.
    • Description:xix, 339 pages ; 28 cm
    • Summary:"Introduction to Epidemiology, Seventh Edition is a comprehensive, reader-friendly introduction to this exciting field. Designed for students with minimal training in the biomedical sciences and statistics, this full color text emphasizes the application of the basic principles of epidemiology according to person, place, and time factors in order to solve current, often unexpected, and serious public health problems. Students will learn how to identify and describe public health problems, formulate research hypotheses, select appropriate research study designs, manage and analyze epidemiologic data, interpret results, and apply results in preventing and controlling disease and health-related events. Offering real-world examples in the form of case studies and news files in each chapter, Introduction to Epidemiology is an accessible and effective approach to learning epidemiology. The Seventh Edition is a thorough revision that offers: updated tables, figures and examples throughout; greater emphasis on epidemiology in international settings, causality, and disease transmission; real-world public health problems involving both infectious and chronic diseases and conditions"--Back cover.
    • Notes:Includes bibliographical references and index.
    • ISBN:9781284094350 paperback
      1284094359 paperback
    • Contents:Machine generated contents note: 1. Foundations of Epidemiology
      Activities in Epidemiology
      Role of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice
      Epidemics, Endemics, and Pandemics
      Case Concepts in Epidemiology
      Epidemiology Triangle
      Some Disease Transmission Concepts
      Modes of Disease Transmission
      Chain of Infection
      Other Models of Causation
      Levels of Prevention
      Primary Prevention
      Secondary Prevention
      Tertiary Prevention
      Conclusion
      EXERCISES
      Key Terms
      Study Questions
      References
      2. Historic Developments in Epidemiology
      Hippocrates, the First Epidemiologist
      Disease Observations of Sydenham
      Epidemiology of Scurvy
      Epidemiology of Cowpox and Smallpox
      Epidemiology of Childbed Fever in a Lying-In Hospital
      John Snow's Epidemiologic Investigations of Cholera
      Epidemiologic Work of Pasteur and Koch
      Invention of the Microscope
      John Graunt and Vital Statistics
      Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene
      Florence Nightingale
      Typhoid Mary
      Vitamins and Nutritional Diseases
      Beginning of Epidemiology in the United States
      Historical Development of Morbidity in Epidemiology
      Epidemiology of Breast Cancer
      Framingham Heart Study
      Cigarette Smoking and Cancer
      Modern Epidemiology
      Conclusion
      EXERCISES
      Key Terms
      Study Questions
      References
      3. Practical Disease Concepts in Epidemiology
      Communicable and Noncommunicable Diseases and Conditions
      Natural History of Disease
      Classifying Disease
      Portals of Entry to the Human Body
      Incubation Periods for Selected Infectious Diseases
      Later Stages of Infection
      Zoonoses
      International Classification of Diseases
      Notifiable Diseases in the United States
      Protecting Public Health Through Immunization
      Herd Immunity
      Communicable Disease Prevention and Control
      Environmental Control
      Host-Related Control and Prevention
      Infection Control and Prevention Measures
      Changing Emphasis in Epidemiologic Studies
      Nutritional Deficiency Diseases and Disorders
      Chronic Diseases and Conditions
      Prevention and Control
      Disability
      Healthy People Initiatives
      Conclusion
      EXERCISES
      Key Terms
      Study Questions
      References
      4. Design Strategies and Statistical Methods in Descriptive Epidemiology
      Descriptive Study Designs
      Ecologic Study
      Case Reports and Case Series
      Cross-Sectional Surveys
      Serial Surveys
      Types of Data
      Ratios, Proportions, and Rates
      Crude and Age-Adjusted Incidence and Mortality Rates
      Direct Method for Age-Adjusting Rates
      Indirect Method of Age Adjustment
      Category-Specific Rates
      Confidence Intervals
      Tables, Graphs, and Numerical Measures
      Tables
      Numerical Methods
      Measures of Statistical Association
      Conclusion
      EXERCISES
      Key Terms
      Study Questions
      References
      5. Descriptive Epidemiology According to Person, Place, and Time
      Person, Place, and Time
      Person
      Age
      Population Pyramid
      Gender
      Race/Ethnicity
      Marital and Family Status
      Family Structure and Genealogical Research
      Occupation
      Education
      Place
      Time Trends
      Evaluation
      Public Health Surveillance
      Causal Insights
      Conclusion
      EXERCISES
      Key Terms
      Study Questions
      References
      6. General Health and Population Indicators
      Health Indicator
      Birth
      Contraceptive Prevalence
      Mortality
      Causes of Death
      Causes of Death on the Death Certificate
      Underlying Cause of Death
      Death Certificate Data
      Types of Mortality Rates
      Mortality Rate
      Infant Mortality
      Infant Mortality Rate
      Neonatal Mortality Rate
      Postneonatal Mortality Rate
      Perinatal Mortality Rates
      Fetal Death Rate
      Maternal Mortality Rate
      Proportional Mortality Ratio
      Death-to-Case Ratio
      Years of Potential Life Lost
      Conclusion
      EXERCISES
      Key Terms
      Study Questions
      References
      7. Design Strategies and Statistical Methods in Analytic Epidemiology
      Observational Analytic Studies
      Case-Control Study Design
      Selection of Cases
      Selection of Controls
      Exposure Status
      Odds Ratio in Case-Control Studies
      Bias in Case-Control Studies
      Selection Bias
      Observation Bias
      Misclassification
      Confounding
      Controlling for Bias in Case-Control Studies
      Strengths and Weaknesses of Case-Control Studies
      Case-Crossover Study Design
      Nested Case-Control Study Design
      Cohort Study Design
      Risk Ratio in Cohort Studies
      Rate Ratio in Cohort Studies
      Double-Cohort Studies
      Selecting the Study Cohort
      Bias in Cohort Studies
      Selection Bias
      Confounding
      Misclassification
      Controlling for Bias in Cohort Studies
      Strengths and Weaknesses of Cohort Studies 1: Effect Modification 155 Conclusion
      Exercises
      Key Terms
      Study Questions
      References
      8. Experimental Studies in Epidemiology
      Experimental Study Designs
      Randomization
      Blinding
      Nonrandomization
      Designing a Randomized Controlled Trial
      Selecting the Intervention
      Assembling the Study Cohort
      Measuring Baseline Variables
      Choice of a Comparison Group
      Ensuring Compliance
      Selecting the Outcome (End Point)
      Pilot Study
      Selected Special Types of Randomized Study Designs
      Run-In Design
      Factorial Design
      Randomization of Matched Pairs
      Group Randomization
      Strengths and Weaknesses of Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trials
      Ethics in Experimental Research
      Conclusion
      EXERCISES
      Key Terms
      Study Questions
      References
      9. Causality
      Statistical Inference
      Hypothesis Development and Testing
      Hypothesis Formulation
      Hypothesis Testing
      Chance
      Bias
      Confounding
      9. Causality
      Causal Inference
      Causal Guidelines
      Web of Causation
      Decision Trees
      Construction of a Web of Causation and Decision Trees
      Fish Bone Diagram (Cause-Effect Diagram)
      Conclusion
      EXERCISES
      Key Terms
      Study Questions
      References
      10. Field Epidemiology
      Conducting a Field Investigation
      Prepare for Fieldwork
      Establish the Existence of an Epidemic or Outbreak
      Confirm the Diagnosis
      Establish Criteria for Case Identification
      Search for Missing Cases
      Count Cases
      Orient the Data According to Person, Place, and Time
      Classify the Epidemic
      Determine Who Is at Risk of Becoming a Case
      Formulate Hypotheses
      Test the Hypotheses
      Develop Reports and Inform Those Who Need to Know
      Execute Control and Prevention Measures
      Administration and Planning Activities
      Investigation of a Food-borne Illness
      Examples of How Field Epidemiology Influenced Public Health
      Basic Epidemiologic Questions
      Disease Clusters
      Guidelines for Investigating Clusters
      Conclusion
      EXERCISES
      Key Terms
      Study Questions
      References
      11. Chronic Disease Epidemiology
      Chronic Disease Epidemiology
      Environment and Chronic Health Problems
      Physical Stresses and Health
      Chemicals and Health
      Toxicokinetics
      Biologic Agents and Health
      Social Environment and Health
      Behavior and Chronic Health Problems
      Smoking and Chronic Disease
      Diet and Chronic Disease
      Body Weight and Chronic Disease
      Sexual Practices and Chronic Disease
      Behavior Changes for Better Health
      Health Belief Model
      Heredity and Chronic Health Problems
      Multifactorial Etiology in Chronic Disease Epidemiology
      Priorities in Disease Prevention and Control
      Conclusion
      EXERCISES
      Key Terms
      Study Questions
      References
      12. Clinical Epidemiology
      Clinical Epidemiology
      Screening and Diagnosis
      Screening Program Considerations
      Validity, Reliability, and Yield
      Evaluating the Screening Test
      Sensitivity and Specificity
      Predictive Value Positive and Predictive Value Negative
      Positive and Negative Likelihood Ratio Tests
      Prognosis
      Lead-Time Bias
      Length Bias
      Selection Bias
      Overdiagnosis Bias
      Avoiding Bias
      Health Outcomes Research
      Conclusion
      EXERCISES
      Key Terms
      Study Questions
      References
      Case Studies
      Case Study I Snow on Cholera
      A. Observations on Cholera
      Communication of Cholera
      Cholera Propagated by Morbid Material Entering the Alimentary Canal
      Case Study Questions
      B. Cholera and the Broad Street Outbreak
      Case Study Questions
      C. Cholera Epidemic of 1853 and Two London Water Companies
      Cholera Epidemic of 1854
      Case Study Questions
      D. Epidemiologic Issues
      John Snow's Answers to Objections
      Duration of Epidemic and Size of Population
      Effect of Season
      Alternative Theories
      Case Study Questions
      Case Study II Working Through an Infectious Disease Outbreak
      pt. I Background
      Case Study Questions
      pt. II Outbreaks in Texas
      Case Study Questions
      pt. III Outbreaks in Other States
      Case Study Questions
      pt. IV Traceback and Environmental Investigations
      Case Study Questions
      pt. V Control and Prevention Measures
      Case Study Questions
      Case Study III Common-Source Outbreak of Waterborne Shigellosis at a Public School
      Case of Common-Source Outbreak of Waterborne Shigellosis at a Public School
      Case Study Questions
      Case Study IV Retrospective Analysis of Occupation and Alcohol-Related Mortality
      Case of Occupation and Alcohol-Related Causes of Death, California
      Contents note continued: Which Alcohol-Related Causes of Death Are Associated With Which Occupations?
      Case Study Questions
      Case Study V Retrospective Cohort Study of the Association of Congenital Malformations and Hazardous Waste
      Case on Congenital Malformations Associated With Proximity to Hazardous Waste Sites
      Case Study Questions
      Case Study VI History and Epidemiology of Polio Epidemics
      Brief Review of Poliomyelitis as It Is Known Today
      Case Study Questions
      First Polio Epidemiologic Studies
      Names of Polio
      Age Issues: Not Just a Child's Disease
      Karl Oskar Medin
      Ivar Wickman
      Epidemiological Questions
      Key Epidemiological Points
      Rural Observations
      Epidemic Curve
      Poliovirus Discovered
      Case Study Questions
      First Major Epidemic of Poliomyelitis in America: Rutland, Vermont
      Case Study Questions
      Simon Flexner, MD. and Wade Hamilton Frost, MD: American Epidemiologists Who Investigated Poliomyelitis
      I. Flexner
      Frost
      Frost's Epidemiological Methods
      Case Study Questions
      Poliomyelitis Epidemic in Los Angeles, 1934
      Case Study Questions
      Epilogue
      References
      II. Selected Statistical Techniques for Measuring Association Between Two Variables According to Variable Type
      III. Common Study Designs with Selected Measures of Association and Test Statistics
      IV. Summary of Confidence Intervals for Evaluating Selected Hypotheses
      References
      V. Classification and Specialty Journals in Epidemiology
      VI. Epidemiologic Associations and Societies
      VII. Selected Answers to Chapter Questions.
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