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    Rang & Dale's pharmacology / H. P. Rang, J.M. Ritter, R.J. Flower, G. Henderson.

    • Title:Rang & Dale's pharmacology / H. P. Rang, J.M. Ritter, R.J. Flower, G. Henderson.
    •    
    • Variant Title:Rang and Dale's pharmacology
      Pharmacology
    • Other Contributors/Collections:Rang, H. P., author.
    • Published/Created:[Philadelphia, PA? ] : Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, an imprint of Elsevier Limited, [2016]
    • Holdings

       
    • Library of Congress Subjects:Pharmacology.
      Chemotherapy.
    • Medical Subjects: Pharmacology.
    • Edition:Eighth edition.
    • Description:xv, 760 pages : colour illustrations ; 28 cm
    • Summary:For 25 years, Rang and Dale's Pharmacology has delivered the core basic and clinical science information required by students and healthcare practitioners worldwide. Authors H.P. Rang, J.M. Ritter, R.J. Flower, and G. Henderson have ensured that the 8th Edition of this easy-to-read, comprehensive text continues the tradition of excellence with new coverage of drugs affecting the skin and new components online at Student Consult.
    • Notes:Includes Internet access.
      Includes bibliographical references and index.
    • ISBN:9780702053627 paperback
      0702053627 paperback
    • Contents:Machine generated contents note: 1. What is pharmacology?
      Overview
      What is a drug?
      Origins and antecedents
      Pharmacology in the 20th and 21st centuries
      Alternative therapeutic principles
      emergence of biotechnology
      Pharmacology today
      2. How drugs act: general principles
      Overview
      Introduction
      Protein targets for drug binding
      Drug receptors
      Drug specificity
      Receptor classification
      Drug receptor interactions
      Competitive antagonism
      Partial agonists and the concept of efficacy
      Other forms of drug antagonism
      Desensitisation and tolerance
      Change in receptors
      Translocation of receptors
      Exhaustion of mediators
      Altered drug metabolism
      Physiological adaptation
      Quantitative aspects of drug receptor interactions
      binding reaction
      Binding when more than one drug is present
      nature of drug effects
      3. How drugs act: molecular aspects
      Overview
      Targets for drug action
      Receptors
      Ion channels
      Enzymes
      Transporters
      Receptor proteins
      Cloning of receptors
      Types of receptor
      Molecular structure of receptors
      Type 1: Ligand-gated ion channels
      Type 2: G protein-coupled receptors
      Type 3: Kinase-linked and related receptors
      Type 4: Nuclear receptors
      Ion channels as drug targets
      Ion selectivity
      Gating
      Molecular architecture of ion channels
      Pharmacology of ion channels
      Control of receptor expression
      Receptors and disease
      4. How drugs act: cellular aspects excitation, contraction and secretion
      Overview
      Regulation of intracellular calcium
      Calcium entry mechanisms
      Calcium extrusion mechanisms
      Calcium release mechanisms
      Calmodulin
      Excitation
      'resting' cell
      Electrical and ionic events underlying the action potential
      Channel function
      Muscle contraction
      Skeletal muscle
      Cardiac muscle
      Smooth muscle
      Release of chemical mediators
      Exocytosis
      Non-vesicular release mechanisms
      Epithelial ion transport
      5. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, repair and regeneration
      Overview
      Cell proliferation
      cell cycle
      Interactions between cells, growth factors and the extracellular matrix
      Angiogenesis
      Apoptosis and cell removal
      Morphological changes in apoptosis
      major players in apoptosis
      Pathways to apoptosis
      Pathophysiological implications
      Repair and healing
      Hyperplasia
      growth, invasion and metastasis of tumours
      Stem cells and regeneration
      Therapeutic prospects
      Apoptotic mechanisms
      Angiogenesis and metalloproteinases
      Cell cycle regulation
      6. Cellular mechanisms: host defence
      Overview
      Introduction
      innate immune response
      Pattern recognition
      adaptive immune response
      induction phase
      effector phase
      Systemic responses in inflammation
      role of the nervous system in inflammation
      Unwanted inflammatory and immune responses
      outcome of the inflammatory response
      7. Method and measurement in pharmacology
      Overview
      Bioassay
      Biological test systems
      General principles of bioassay
      Animal models of disease
      Genetic and transgenic animal models
      Pharmacological studies in humans
      Clinical trials
      Avoidance of bias
      size of the sample
      Clinical outcome measures
      Placebos
      Meta-analysis
      Balancing benefit and risk
      8. Absorption and distribution of drugs
      Overview
      Introduction
      Physical processes underlying drug disposition
      movement of drug molecules across cell barriers
      Binding of drugs to plasma proteins
      Partition into body fat and other tissues
      Drug absorption and routes of administration
      Oral administration
      Sublingual administration
      Rectal administration
      Application to epithelial surfaces
      Distribution of drugs in the body
      Body fluid compartments
      Volume of distribution
      Special drug delivery systems
      9. Drug metabolism and elimination
      Overview
      Introduction
      Drug metabolism
      Phase 1 reactions
      Phase 2 reactions
      Stereoselectivity
      Inhibition of P450
      Induction of microsomal enzymes
      First-pass (presystemic "first-pass" metabolism)
      Pharmacologically active drug metabolites
      Drug interactions due to enzyme induction or inhibition
      Drug and metabolite excretion
      Biliary excretion and enterohepatic circulation
      Renal excretion of drugs and metabolites
      Drug interactions due to altered drug excretion
      10. Pharmacokinetics
      Overview
      Introduction: definition and uses of pharmacokinetics
      Uses of pharmacokinetics
      Scope of this chapter
      Drug elimination expressed as clearance
      Single-compartment model
      Effect of repeated dosing
      Effect of variation in rate of absorption
      More complicated kinetic models
      Two-compartment model
      Saturation kinetics
      Population pharmacokinetics
      Limitations of pharmacokinetics
      11. Individual variation, pharmacogenomics and personalised medicine
      Overview
      Introduction
      Epidemiological factors and inter-individual variation of drug response
      Ethnicity
      Age
      Pregnancy
      Disease
      Drug interactions
      Genetic variation in drug responsiveness
      Relevant elementary genetics
      Single-gene pharmacokinetic disorders
      Therapeutic drugs and clinically available pharmacogenomic tests
      HLA gene tests
      Drug metabolism-related gene tests
      Drug target-related gene tests
      Combined (metabolism and target) gene tests
      Conclusions
      12. Chemical mediators and the autonomic nervous system
      Overview
      Historical aspects
      autonomic nervous system
      Basic anatomy and physiology
      Transmitters in the autonomic nervous system
      Some general principles of chemical transmission
      Dale's principle
      Denervation supersensitivity
      Presynaptic modulation
      Postsynaptic modulation
      Transmitters other than acetylcholine and noradrenaline
      Co-transmission
      Termination of transmitter action
      Basic steps in neurochemical transmission: sites of drug action
      13. Cholinergic transmission
      Overview
      Muscarinic and nicotinic actions of acetylcholine
      Acetylcholine receptors
      Nicotinic receptors
      Muscarinic receptors
      Physiology of cholinergic transmission
      Acetylcholine synthesis and release
      Electrical events in transmission at fast cholinergic synapses
      Effects of drugs on cholinergic transmission
      Drugs affecting muscarinic receptors
      Drugs affecting autonomic ganglia
      Drugs that act presynaptically
      Drugs that enhance cholinergic transmission
      Other drugs that enhance cholinergic transmission
      14. Noradrenergic transmission
      Overview
      Catecholamines
      Classification of adrenoceptors
      Physiology of noradrenergic transmission
      noradrenergic neuron
      Uptake and degradation of catecholamines
      Drugs acting on noradrenergic transmission
      Drugs acting on adrenoceptors
      Drugs that affect noradrenergic neurons
      15. 5-Hydroxytryptamine and the pharmacology of migraine
      Overview
      5-Hydroxytryptamine
      Distribution, biosynthesis and degradation
      Pharmacological effects
      Drugs acting at 5-HT receptors
      Migraine and other clinical conditions in which 5-HT plays a role
      Migraine and antimigraine drugs
      Carcinoid syndrome
      Pulmonary hypertension
      16. Purines
      Overview
      Introduction
      Purinergic receptors
      Adenosine as a mediator
      Adenosine and the cardiovascular system
      Adenosine and asthma
      Adenosine in the CNS
      ADP as a mediator
      ADP and platelets
      ATP as a mediator
      ATP as a neurotransmitter
      ATP in nociception
      ATP in inflammation
      Future prospects
      17. Local hormones 1: histamine and the biologically active lipids
      Overview
      Introduction
      What is a 'mediator'?
      Histamine
      Synthesis and storage of histamine
      Histamine release
      Histamine receptors
      Actions
      Eicosanoids
      General remarks
      Structure and biosynthesis
      Prostanoids
      Leukotrienes
      Leukotrienes receptors
      Leukotrienes actions
      Lipoxins and resolvins
      Platelet-activating factor
      Biosynthesis
      Actions and role in inflammation
      Concluding remarks
      18. Local hormones 2: peptides and proteins
      Overview
      Introduction
      General principles of protein and peptide pharmacology
      Structure
      Types of protein and peptide mediator
      Biosynthesis and regulation of peptides
      Peptide precursors
      Diversity within peptide families
      Peptide trafficking and secretion
      Bradykinin
      Source and formation of bradykinin
      Metabolism and inactivation of bradykinin
      Bradykinin receptors
      Actions and role in inflammation
      Neuropeptides
      Cytokines
      Interleukins and related compounds
      Chemokines
      Interferons
      'cytokine storm'
      Proteins and peptides that downregulate inflammation
      Concluding remarks
      19. Cannabinoids
      Overview
      Plant-derived cannabinoids and their pharmacological effects
      Pharmacological effects
      Pharmacokinetic and analytical aspects
      Adverse effects
      Tolerance and dependence
      Cannabinoid receptors
      Endocannabinoids
      Biosynthesis of endocannabinoids
      Termination of the endocannabinoid signal
      Physiological mechanisms
      Pathological involvement
      Synthetic cannabinoids
      Clinical applications
      20. Nitric oxide and related mediators
      Overview
      Introduction
      Biosynthesis of nitric oxide and its control
      Contents note continued: Degradation and carriage of nitric oxide
      Effects of nitric oxide
      Biochemical and cellular aspects
      Vascular effects
      Neuronal effects
      Host defence
      Therapeutic aspects
      Nitric oxide
      Nitric oxide donors/precursors
      Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis
      Nitric oxide replacement or potentiation
      Clinical conditions in which nitric oxide may play a part
      Related mediators
      21. heart
      Overview
      Introduction
      Physiology of cardiac function
      Cardiac rate and rhythm
      Cardiac contraction
      Myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow
      Autonomic control of the heart
      Sympathetic system
      Parasympathetic system
      Cardiac natriuretic peptides
      Ischaemic heart disease
      Angina
      Myocardial infarction
      Drugs that affect cardiac function
      Antidysrhythmic drugs
      Drugs that increase myocardial contraction
      Antianginal drugs
      22. vascular system
      Overview
      Introduction
      Vascular structure and function
      Control of vascular smooth muscle tone
      vascular endothelium
      renin angiotensin system
      Vasoactive drugs
      Vasoconstrictor drugs
      Vasodilator drugs
      Clinical uses of vasoactive drugs
      Systemic hypertension
      Heart failure
      Shock and hypotensive states
      Peripheral vascular disease
      Raynaud's disease
      Pulmonary hypertension
      23. Atherosclerosis and lipoprotein metabolism
      Overview
      Introduction
      Atherogenesis
      Lipoprotein transport
      Dyslipidaemia
      Prevention of atheromatous disease
      Lipid-lowering drugs
      Statins: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
      Fibrates
      Drugs that inhibit cholesterol absorption
      Nicotinic acid
      Fish oil derivatives
      24. Haemostasis and thrombosis
      Overview
      Introduction
      Blood coagulation
      Coagulation cascade
      Vascular endothelium in haemostasis and thrombosis
      Drugs that act on the coagulation cascade
      Coagulation defects
      Thrombosis
      Platelet adhesion and activation
      Antiplatelet drugs
      Fibrinolysis (thrombolysis)
      Fibrinolytic drugs
      Antifibrinolytic and haemostatic drugs
      25. Haemopoietic system and treatment of anaemia
      Overview
      Introduction
      haemopoietic system
      Types of anaemia
      Haematinic agents
      Iron
      Folic acid and vitamin Bit
      Haemopoietic growth factors
      Erythropoietin
      Haemolytic anaemia
      Drugs used to treat haemolytic anaemias
      26. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant drugs
      Overview
      Cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors
      Mechanism of action
      Pharmacological actions
      Therapeutic actions
      Some important NSAIDs and coxibs
      Antirheumatoid drugs
      Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs
      Immunosuppressant drugs
      Anticytokine drugs and other biopharmaceuticals
      Drugs used in gout
      Antagonists of histamine
      Possible future developments
      27. Skin
      Overview
      Introduction
      Structure of skin
      Common diseases of the skin
      Acne
      Rosacea
      Baldness and hirsutism
      Eczema
      Pruritus
      Urticaria
      Psoriasis
      Warts
      Other infections
      Drugs acting on skin
      Formulation
      Principal drugs used in skin disorders
      Antimicrobial agents
      Glucocorticoids and other anti-inflammatory agents
      Drugs used to control hair growth
      Retinoids
      Vitamin D analogues
      Agents acting by other mechanisms
      Concluding remarks
      28. Respiratory system
      Overview
      physiology of respiration
      Control of breathing
      Regulation of musculature, blood vessels and glands of the airways
      Pulmonary disease and its treatment
      Bronchial asthma
      Drugs used to treat and prevent asthma
      Severe acute asthma (status asthmaticus)
      Allergic emergencies
      Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
      Surfactants
      Cough
      29. kidney and urinary system
      Overview
      Introduction
      Outline of renal function
      structure and function of the nephron
      Tubular function
      Acid base balance
      Potassium balance
      Excretion of organic molecules
      Natriuretic peptides
      Prostaglandins and renal function
      Drugs acting on the kidney
      Diuretics
      Drugs that alter the pH of the urine
      Drugs that alter the excretion of organic molecules
      Drugs used in renal failure
      Hyperphosphataemia
      Hyperkalaemia
      Drugs used in urinary tract disorders
      30. gastrointestinal tract
      Overview
      innervation and hormones of the gastrointestinal tract
      Neuronal control
      Hormonal control
      Gastric secretion
      regulation of acid secretion by parietal cells
      coordination of factors regulating acid secretion
      Drugs used to inhibit or neutralise gastric acid secretion
      Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection
      Drugs that protect the mucosa
      Vomiting
      reflex mechanism of vomiting
      Antiemetic drugs
      motility of the gastrointestinal tract
      Purgatives
      Drugs that increase gastrointestinal motility
      Antidiarrhoeal agents
      Drugs for chronic bowel disease
      Drugs affecting the biliary system
      Future directions
      31. control of blood glucose and drug treatment of diabetes mellitus
      Overview
      Introduction
      Control of blood glucose
      Pancreatic islet hormones
      Insulin
      Glucagon
      Somatostatin
      Amylin (islet amyloid polypeptide)
      Incretins
      Diabetes mellitus
      Treatment of diabetes mellitus
      Potential new antidiabetic drugs
      32. Obesity
      Overview
      Introduction
      Definition of obesity
      Obesity as a health problem
      Homeostatic mechanisms controlling energy balance
      role of gut and other hormones in body weight regulation
      Neurological circuits that control body weight and eating behaviour
      pathophysiology of human obesity
      Food intake and obesity
      Physical exercise and obesity
      Obesity as a disorder of the homeostatic control of energy balance
      Genetic factors and obesity
      Pharmacological approaches to the problem of obesity
      Centrally acting appetite suppressants
      Orlistat
      New approaches to obesity therapy
      33. pituitary and the adrenal cortex
      Overview
      pituitary gland
      anterior pituitary gland
      Hypothalamic hormones
      Anterior pituitary hormones
      Posterior pituitary gland
      adrenal cortex
      Glucocorticoids
      Mineralocorticoids
      New directions in glucocorticoid therapy
      34. thyroid
      Overview
      Synthesis, storage and secretion of thyroid hormones
      Uptake of plasma iodide by the follicle cells
      Oxidation of iodide and iodination of tyrosine residues
      Secretion of thyroid hormone
      Regulation of thyroid function
      Actions of the thyroid hormones
      Effects on metabolism
      Effects on growth and development
      Mechanism of action
      Transport and metabolism of thyroid hormones
      Abnormalities of thyroid function
      Hyperthyroidism Ithyrotoxicosisl
      Simple, non-toxic goitre
      Hypothyroidism
      Drugs used in diseases of the thyroid
      Hyperthyroidism
      Hypothyroidism
      35. reproductive system
      Overview
      Introduction
      Endocrine control of reproduction
      Neurohormonal control of the female reproductive system
      Neurohormonal control of the male reproductive system
      Behavioural effects of sex hormones
      Drugs affecting reproductive function
      Oestrogens
      Antioestrogens
      Progestogens
      Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy
      Androgens
      Anabolic steroids
      Antiandrogens
      Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone: agonists and antagonists
      Gonadotrophins and analogues
      Drugs used for contraception
      Oral contraceptives
      Other drug regimens used for contraception
      uterus
      motility of the uterus
      Drugs that stimulate the uterus
      Drugs that inhibit uterine contraction
      Erectile dysfunction
      36. Bone metabolism
      Overview
      Introduction
      Bone structure and composition
      Bone remodelling
      action of cells and cytokines
      turnover of bone minerals
      Hormones involved in bone metabolism and remodelling
      Disorders of bone
      Drugs used in bone disorders
      Bisphosphonates
      Oestrogens and related compounds
      Parathyroid hormone and teriparatide
      Strontium
      Vitamin D preparations
      Biologicals
      Calcitonin
      Calcium salts
      Calcimimetic compounds
      Potential new therapies
      37. Chemical transmission and drug action in the central nervous system
      Overview
      Introduction
      Chemical signalling in the nervous system
      Targets for drug action
      Drug action in the central nervous system
      Blood brain barrier
      classification of psychotropic drugs
      38. Amino acid transmitters
      Overview
      Excitatory amino acids
      Excitatory amino acids as CNS transmitters
      Metabolism and release of excitatory amino acids
      Glutamate
      Glutamate receptor subtypes
      Synaptic plasticity and long-term potentiation
      Drugs acting on glutamate receptors
      γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)
      Synthesis, storage and function
      GABA receptors: structure and pharmacology
      Drugs acting on GABA receptors
      Glycine
      Concluding remarks
      39. Other transmitters and modulators
      Overview
      Introduction
      Noradrenaline
      Noradrenergic pathways in the CNS
      Functional aspects
      Dopamine
      Dopaminergic pathways in the CNS
      Dopamine receptors
      Functional aspects
      5-Hydroxytryptamine
      5-HT pathways in the CNS
      5-HT receptors in the CNS
      Functional aspects
      Clinically used drugs
      Acetylcholine
      Cholinergic pathways in the CNS
      Acetylcholine receptors
      Contents note continued: Functional aspects
      Purines
      Histamine
      Other CNS mediators
      Melatonin
      Nitric oxide
      Lipid mediators
      final message
      40. Neurodegenerative diseases
      Overview
      Protein misfolding and aggregation in chronic neurodegenerative diseases
      Mechanisms of neuronal death
      Excitotoxicity
      Apoptosis
      Oxidative stress
      Ischaemic brain damage
      Pathophysiology
      Therapeutic approaches
      Alzheimer's disease
      Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease
      Therapeutic approaches
      Parkinson's disease
      Features of Parkinson's disease
      Pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease
      Drug treatment of Parkinson's disease
      Huntington's disease
      Neurodegenerative prion diseases
      41. General anaesthetic agents
      Overview
      Introduction
      Mechanism of action of anaesthetic drugs
      Lipid solubility
      Effects on ion channels
      Effects on the nervous system
      Effects on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems
      Intravenous anaesthetic agents
      Propofol
      Thiopental
      Etomidate
      Other intravenous agents
      Inhalation anaesthetics
      Pharmacokinetic aspects
      Individual inhalation anaesthetics
      Isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane, enflurane and halothane
      Nitrous oxide
      Balanced anaesthesia
      42. Analgesic drugs
      Overview
      Neural mechanisms of pain
      Nociceptive afferent neurons
      Modulation in the nociceptive pathway
      Neuropathic pain
      Chemical signalling in the nociceptive pathway
      Analgesic drugs
      Opioid drugs
      Paracetamol
      Treatment of neuropathic pain
      Other pain-relieving drugs
      New approaches
      43. Local anaesthetics and other drugs affecting sodium channels
      Overview
      Local anaesthetics
      Chemical aspects
      Mechanism of action
      Pharmacokinetic aspects
      New approaches
      Other drugs that affect sodium channels
      Tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin
      Agents that affect sodium channel gating
      44. Anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs
      Overview
      nature of anxiety and its treatment
      Measurement of anxiolytic activity
      Animal models of anxiety
      Tests on humans
      Drugs used to treat anxiety
      Benzodiazepines and related drugs
      Buspirone
      Other potential anxiolytic drugs
      Drugs used to treat insomnia (hypnotic drugs)
      45. Antiepileptic drugs
      Overview
      Introduction
      nature of epilepsy
      Types of epilepsy
      Neural mechanisms and animal models of epilepsy
      Antiepileptic drugs
      Carbamazepine
      Phenytoin
      Valproate
      Ethosuximide
      Phenobarbital
      Benzodiazepines
      Newer antiepileptic drugs
      Development of new drugs
      Other uses of antiepileptic drugs
      Antiepileptic drugs and pregnancy
      Muscle spasm and muscle relaxants
      46. Antipsychotic drugs
      Overview
      Introduction
      nature of schizophrenia
      Aetiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia
      Antipsychotic drugs
      Classification of antipsychotic drugs
      Clinical efficacy
      Pharmacological properties
      Unwanted effects
      Pharmacokinetic aspects
      Future developments
      47. Antidepressant drugs
      Overview
      nature of depression
      Theories of depression
      monoamine theory
      Neuroendocrine mechanisms
      Trophic effects and neuroplasticity
      Antidepressant drugs
      Types of antidepressant drug
      Testing of antidepressant drugs
      Mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs
      Monoamine uptake inhibitors
      Monoamine receptor antagonists
      Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
      Melatonin agonist
      Miscellaneous agents
      Future antidepressant drugs
      Brain stimulation therapies
      Clinical effectiveness of antidepressant treatments
      Other clinical uses of antidepressant drugs
      Drug treatment of bipolar disorder
      Lithium
      Antiepileptic drugs
      Atypical antipsychotic drugs
      48. NS stimulants and psychotomimetic drugs
      Overview
      Psychomotor stimulants
      Amphetamines
      Methylphenidate
      Modafinil
      Cocaine
      Methylxanthines
      Cathinones
      Other stimulants
      Cognition-enhancing drugs
      Psychotomimetic drugs
      LSD, psilocybin and mescaline
      MDMA (ecstasy)
      Ketamine and phencyclidine
      Other psychotomimetic drugs
      49. Drug addiction, dependence and abuse
      Overview
      Drug use and abuse
      Drug administration
      Drug harm
      Drug dependence
      Tolerance
      Pharmacological approaches to treating drug addiction
      Nicotine and tobacco
      Pharmacological effects of smoking
      Pharmacokinetic aspects
      Tolerance and dependence
      Harmful effects of smoking
      Pharmacological approaches to treating nicotine dependence
      Ethanol
      Pharmacological effects of ethanol
      Pharmacokinetic aspects
      Tolerance and dependence
      Pharmacological approaches to treating alcohol dependence
      50. Basic principles of antimicrobial chemotherapy
      Overview
      Background
      molecular basis of chemotherapy
      Biochemical reactions as potential targets
      formed structures of the cell as potential targets
      Resistance to antibacterial drugs
      Genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance
      Biochemical mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics
      Current status of antibiotic resistance in bacteria
      51. Antibacterial drugs
      Overview
      Introduction
      Antimicrobial agents that interfere with folate synthesis or action
      Sulfonamides
      Trimethoprim
      β-Lactam antibiotics
      Penicillins
      Cephalosporins and cephamycins
      Other β-lactam antibiotics
      Glycopeptides
      Antimicrobial agents affecting bacterial protein synthesis
      Tetracyclines
      Chloramphenicol
      Aminoglycosides
      Macrolides
      Antimicrobial agents affecting topoisomerase
      Quinolones
      Miscellaneous and less common antibacterial agents
      Antimycobacterial agents
      Drugs used to treat tuberculosis
      Drugs used to treat leprosy
      Possible new antibacterial drugs
      52. Antiviral drugs
      Overview
      Background information about viruses
      outline of virus structure
      Examples of pathogenic viruses
      Virus function and life history
      host virus interaction
      Host defences against viruses
      Viral ploys to circumvent host defences
      HIV and AIDS
      Antiviral drugs
      Reverse transcriptase inhibitors
      Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
      Protease inhibitors
      DNA polymerase inhibitors
      Neuraminidase inhibitors and inhibitors of viral coat disassembly
      Drugs acting through other mechanisms
      Biopharmaceutical antiviral drugs
      Other agents
      Combination therapy for HIV
      Prospects for new antiviral drugs
      53. Antifungal drugs
      Overview
      Fungi and fungal infections
      Drugs used to treat fungal infections
      Antifungal antibiotics
      Synthetic antifungal drugs
      Future developments
      54. Antiprotozoal drugs
      Overview
      Host parasite interactions
      Malaria and antimalarial drugs
      life cycle of the malaria parasite
      Antimalarial drugs
      Potential new antimalarial drugs
      Amoebiasis and amoebicidal drugs
      Trypanosomiasis and trypanocidal drugs
      Other protozoal infections and drugs used to treat them
      Leishmaniasis
      Trichomoniasis
      Giardiasis
      Toxoplasmosis
      Pneumocystis
      Future developments
      55. Anthelmintic drugs
      Overview
      Helminth infections
      Anthelmintic drugs
      Resistance to anthelmintic drugs
      Vaccines and other novel approaches
      56. Anticancer drugs
      Overview
      Introduction
      pathogenesis of cancer
      genesis of a cancer cell
      special characteristics of cancer cells
      General principles of cytotoxic anticancer drugs
      Anticancer drugs
      Alkylating agents and related compounds
      Antimetabolites
      Cytotoxic antibiotics
      Plant derivatives
      Hormones
      Hormone antagonists
      Monoclonal antibodies
      Protein kinase inhibitors
      Miscellaneous agents
      Resistance to anticancer drugs
      Combination therapies
      Control of emesis and myelosuppression
      Future developments
      57. Harmful effects of drugs
      Overview
      Introduction
      Classification of adverse drug reactions
      Adverse effects related to the known pharmacological action of the drug
      Adverse effects unrelated to the known pharmacological action of the drug
      Drug toxicity
      Toxicity testing
      General mechanisms of toxin-induced cell damage and cell death
      Mutagenesis and assessment of genotoxic potential
      Immunological reactions to drugs
      Immunological mechanisms
      Clinical types of allergic response to drugs
      58. Lifestyle drugs and drugs in sport
      Overview
      What are lifestyle drugs?
      Classification of lifestyle drugs
      Drugs in sport
      Anabolic steroids
      Human growth hormone
      Stimulant drugs
      Conclusion
      59. Biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy
      Overview
      Introduction
      Biopharmaceuticals
      Proteins and polypeptides
      Monoclonal antibodies
      Gene therapy
      Gene delivery
      Controlling gene expression
      Safety and societal issues
      Therapeutic applications
      Gene therapy for cancer
      Single-gene defects
      Gene therapy and infectious disease
      Gene therapy and cardiovascular disease
      Oligonucleotideapproaches
      60. Drug discovery and development
      Overview
      stages of a project
      drug discovery phase
      Preclinical development
      Clinical development
      Biopharmaceuticals
      Commercial aspects
      Future prospects
      final word.
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