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    The practice of research in social work / Rafael J. Engel, University of Pittsburg, Russell K. Schutt, University of Massachusetts Boston .

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    • Title:The practice of research in social work / Rafael J. Engel, University of Pittsburg, Russell K. Schutt, University of Massachusetts Boston .
    •    
    • Author/Creator:Engel, Rafael J., author.
    • Other Contributors/Collections:Schutt, Russell K., author.
    • Published/Created:Los Angeles, California : SAGE, [2017]

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    • Library of Congress Subjects:Social service--Research.
    • Edition:Fourth edition.
    • Description:xix, 473 pages : color illustrations ; 25 cm
    • Summary:"The Fourth Edition of The Practice of Research in Social Work introduces an integrated set of techniques for evaluating research and practice problems as well as conducting studies. Evidence-based practice comes alive through illustrations of actual social work research. Updated with new examples, the latest research, and expanded material on technology and qualitative methods, this popular text helps readers achieve the 2015 EPAS core competencies essential for social work practice" -- From the publisher.
    • Notes:Includes bibliographical references (pages 446-460) and index.
    • ISBN:9781506304267 (pbk. : alk. paper)
      1506304265 (pbk. : alk. paper)
    • Contents:Machine generated contents note: Reasoning About the Social World
      Everyday Errors in Reasoning
      Selective or Inaccurate Observation
      Overgeneralization
      Illogical Reasoning
      Resistance to Change
      Adherence to Authority
      Social Scientific Approach
      Social Work and the Social World
      Social Work Research and Evidence-Based Practice
      Research in the News: Why Did New York City's Homeless Population Increase?
      Social Work Research in Practice
      Descriptive Research
      Example: Who Are the Homeless?
      Exploratory Research
      Example: How Do the Homeless Adapt to Shelter Life?
      Explanatory Research
      Example: What Community-Level Factors Cause Homelessness?
      Evaluation Research
      Example: Should Housing or Treatment Come First?
      Alternative Research Orientations
      Quantitative and/or Qualitative Methods
      Positivist or Constructionist Philosophies
      Researcher or Participatory Orientation
      Social Work Research in a Diverse Society
      Conclusion
      Key Terms
      Highlights
      Discussion Questions
      Practice Exercises
      Web Exercise
      Developing A Research Proposal
      Question Of Ethics
      Social Work Research Questions
      Identifying Social Work Research Questions
      Refining Social Work Research Questions
      Evaluating Social Work Research Questions
      Social Importance
      Scientific Relevance
      Feasibility
      Consider Social Diversity When Formulating a Question
      Foundations of Social Work Research
      Searching the Literature
      Reviewing Research
      Implications for Evidence-Based Practice
      Campbell Collaboration and Cochrane Community
      Government-Supported Resources
      Theory and Social Work Research
      Alternative Research Strategies
      Research in the News: Does Money Buy Happiness?
      Deductive Research
      Domestic Violence and the Research Circle
      Inductive Research
      Inductive Approach to Explaining Domestic Violence
      Exploratory Research
      Descriptive Research
      Social Research Standards
      Measurement Validity
      Generalizability
      Causal Validity
      Authenticity
      Conclusion
      Key Terms
      Highlights
      Discussion Questions
      Practice Exercises
      Web Exercises
      Developing A Research Proposal
      Research on People
      Historical Background
      Research in the News: Is It Ethical Science?
      Ethical Principles
      Protecting Research Participants
      Avoid Harming Research Participants
      Obtain Informed Consent
      Maintain Privacy and Confidentiality
      Honesty and Openness
      Achieving Valid Results
      Use of Research
      Institutional Review Board Reviews
      Internet Research
      Scientific Guidelines for Social Work Research
      Conclusion
      Key Terms
      Highlights
      Discussion Questions
      Practice Exercises
      Web Exercises
      Developing A Research Proposal
      Concepts
      Conceptualization in Practice
      Alcohol Abuse
      Depression
      Poverty
      From Concepts to Observations
      Research in the News: How to Measure Race and Ethnicity in America?
      Operationalization
      Scales to Measure Variables
      Treatment as a Variable
      Gathering Data
      Combining Measurement Operations
      Measurement in Qualitative Research
      Levels of Measurement
      Nominal Level of Measurement
      Ordinal Level of Measurement
      Interval Level of Measurement
      Ratio Level of Measurement
      Case of Dichotomies
      Types of Comparisons
      Measurement Error
      Assessing Measurement Accuracy
      Reliability
      Test-Retest Reliability
      Internal Consistency
      Alternate-Forms Reliability
      Interrater Reliability
      Intrarater Reliability
      Measurement Validity
      Face Validity
      Content Validity
      Criterion Validity
      Construct Validity
      Ways to Improve Reliability and Validity of Existing Measures
      Using Scales to Identify a Clinical Status
      Measurement in a Diverse Society
      Measurement Implications for Evidence-Based Practice
      Conclusion
      Key Terms
      Highlights
      Discussion Questions
      Practice Exercises
      Web Exercises
      Developing A Research Proposal
      Question Of Ethics
      Sample Planning
      Define Sample Components and the Population
      Evaluate Generalizability
      Assess the Homogeneity of the Population
      Sampling Methods
      Probability Sampling
      Research in the News: What Are the Best Practices for Sampling Vulnerable Populations?
      Probability Sampling Methods
      Simple Random Sampling
      Systematic Random Sampling
      Stratified Random Sampling
      Cluster Sampling
      Probability Sampling Methods Compared
      Nonprobability Sampling Methods
      Availability Sampling
      Quota Sampling
      Purposive Sampling
      Snowball Sampling
      Nonprobability Sampling, Qualitative Research, and Generalizability
      Sampling Distributions
      Estimating Sampling Error
      Determining Sample Size
      Recruitment Strategies With Diverse Populations
      Implications for Evidence-Based Practice
      Conclusion
      Key Terms
      Highlights
      Discussion Questions
      Practice Exercises
      Web Exercises
      Developing A Research Proposal
      Question Of Ethics
      Research Design Alternatives
      Units of Analysis and Errors in Causal Reasoning
      Individual and Group Units of Analysis
      Ecological Fallacy and Reductionism
      Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Designs
      Cross-Sectional Designs
      Longitudinal Designs
      Quantitative or Qualitative Causal Explanations
      Quantitative (Nomothetic) Causal Explanations
      Qualitative (Idiographic) Causal Explanations
      Research in the News: Why Is Child Poverty so High?
      Criteria for Quantitative (Nomothetic) Causal Explanations
      Association
      Time Order
      Nonspuriousness
      Randomization
      Statistical Control
      Mechanism
      Context
      Comparing Research Designs
      Implications for Evidence-Based Practice
      Conclusion
      Key Terms
      Highlights
      Discussion Questions
      Practice Exercises
      Web Exercises
      Developing A Research Proposal
      Question Of Ethics
      Threats to the Validity of Group Experimental Designs
      Internal Validity
      Threats to Internal Validity Reduced by Randomization
      Threats to Internal Validity Reduced by Comparison Groups
      Threats to Internal Validity Requiring Attention While the Experiment Is in Progress
      Generalizability
      Sample Generalizability
      External Validity
      Reactivity
      Features of True Experiments
      Experimental and Comparison Groups
      Randomization
      Pretest and Posttest Measures
      Types of True Experimental Designs
      Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design
      Posttest-Only Control Group Design
      Solomon Four Group Design
      "Difficulties" in True Experiments in Agency-Based Research
      Research in the News: How to Arrive at the Best Health Policies
      Limits of True Experimental Designs
      Quasi-experimental Designs
      Nonequivalent Control Group Designs
      Time Series Designs
      Ex Post Facto Control Group Designs
      Nonexperimental Designs
      Types of Nonexperimental Designs
      Implications for Evidence-Based Practice
      Meta-Analysis
      Case Study Meta-Analysis: Do Parent Training Programs Prevent Child Abuse?
      Diversity, Group Design, and Evidence-Based Practice
      Ethical Issues in Experimental Research
      Selective Distribution of Benefits
      Deception
      Conclusion
      Key Terms
      Highlights
      Discussion Questions
      Practice Exercises
      Web Exercises
      Developing A Research Proposal
      Question Of Ethics
      Foundations of Single-Subject Design
      Repeated Measurement
      Baseline Phase
      Patterns
      Internal Validity
      Treatment Phase
      Graphing
      Measuring Targets of Intervention
      What to Measure
      How to Measure
      Who Should Measure
      Analyzing Single-Subject Designs
      Visual Analysis
      Level
      Trend
      Variability
      Interpreting Visual Patterns
      Problems of Interpretation
      Types of Single-Subject Designs
      Basic Design: A-B
      Withdrawal Designs
      A-B-A Design
      A-B-A-B Design
      Multiple Baseline Designs
      Multiple Treatment Designs
      Monitoring Client Progress
      Single-Subject Designs With Group Interventions
      Implications for Evidence-Based Practice
      Research in the News: Exercise Your Brain?
      Single-Subject Design in a Diverse Society
      Ethical Issues in Single-Subject Design
      Conclusion
      Key Terms
      Highlights
      Discussion Questions
      Practice Exercises
      Web Exercises
      Developing A Research Proposal
      Question Of Ethics
      Survey Research in Social Work
      Attractions of Survey Research
      Versatility
      Efficiency
      Generalizability
      Errors in Survey Research
      Designing Questionnaires
      Maintain Consistent Focus
      Build on Existing Instruments
      Order the Questions
      Add Interpretive Questions
      Make the Questionnaire Attractive
      Writing Questions
      Writing Clear Questions
      Avoid Confusing Phrasing
      Avoid Vagueness
      Provide a Frame of Reference
      Avoid Negative Words and Double Negatives
      Avoid Double-Barreled Questions
      Avoid Jargon
      Reduce the Risk of Bias
      Memory Questions
      Closed-Ended and Open-Ended Questions
      Closed-Ended Questions and Response Categories
      Allow for Disagreement
      Social Desirability
      Minimize Fence-Sitting and Floating
      Use Filter Questions
      Utilize Likert-Type Response Categories
      Matrix Questions
      Sensitive Topics
      Research in the News: What Can Surveys Uncover?
      Refine and Test Questions
      Survey Design Alternatives
      Mailed Surveys
      Group-Administered Surveys
      Telephone Surveys
      Contents note continued: Reaching Sampling Units
      Maximizing Response to Phone Surveys
      In-Person Interviews
      Electronic Surveys
      Mixed-Mode Surveys
      Comparison of Survey Designs
      Survey Research Design in a Diverse Society
      Translating Instruments
      Interviewer-Respondent Characteristics
      Implications for Evidence-Based Practice
      Ethical Issues in Survey Research
      Conclusion
      Key Terms
      Highlights
      Discussion Questions
      Practice Exercises
      Web Exercises
      Developing A Research Proposal
      Question Of Ethics
      Fundamentals of Qualitative Methods
      Features of Qualitative Methods
      Making Gray Gold
      Basics of Qualitative Research
      Case Study
      Ethnography
      Netnography
      Photovoice
      Participant Observation
      Choosing a Role
      Covert Observation
      Complete Observation
      Participant Observation
      Covert Participation
      Entering the Field
      Developing and Maintaining Relationships
      Sampling People and Events
      Taking Notes
      Managing the Personal Dimensions
      Systematic Observation
      Intensive Interviewing
      Establishing and Maintaining a Partnership
      Asking Questions and Recording Answers
      Research in the News: Can Taping Interviews Capture a Trend?
      Interviewing Online
      Focus Groups
      Community-Based Participatory Research
      Qualitative Research in a Diverse Society
      Implications for Evidence-Based Practice
      Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research
      Conclusion
      Key Terms
      Highlights
      Discussion Questions
      Practice Exercise
      Web Exercise
      Developing A Research Proposal
      Question Of Ethics
      Features of Qualitative Data Analysis
      Qualitative Data Analysis as an Art
      Qualitative Compared to Quantitative Data Analysis
      Techniques of Qualitative Data Analysis
      Documentation
      Organization, Categorization, and Condensation
      Examining and Displaying Relationships
      Corroboration and Legitimation of Conclusions
      Reflection on the Researcher's Role
      Alternatives in Qualitative Data Analysis
      Ethnomethodology
      Conversation Analysis
      Narrative Analysis
      Research in the News: What's in a Message?
      Qualitative Comparative Analysis
      Grounded Theory
      Content Analysis
      Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis
      Implications for Evidence-Based Practice
      Case Study Meta-Synthesis: A Meta-Ethnographic Synthesis of Mutual Aid Groups
      Ethics in Qualitative Data Analysis
      Conclusion
      Key Terms
      Highlights
      Discussion Questions
      Practice Exercises
      Web Exercises
      Developing A Research Proposal
      Question Of Ethics
      Secondary Data Analysis
      Secondary Data Sources
      U.S. Census Bureau
      Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research
      Qualitative Data Sources
      International Data Sources
      Research in the News: Long-Term Impact: How Can Research Make the Connection?
      Challenges for Secondary Data Analyses
      Big Data
      Ethical Issues in Secondary Data Analysis and Big Data
      Mixed Methods
      Philosophy of Mixed Methods
      Types of Mixed-Methods Designs
      Integrated Designs
      Embedded Designs
      Staged Designs
      Complex Designs
      Strengths and Limitations of Mixed Methods
      Ethics and Mixed Methods
      Conclusions
      Key Terms
      Highlights
      Discussion Questions
      Practice Exercises
      Web Exercises
      Developing A Research Proposal
      Question Of Ethics
      Evaluation Basics
      Describing the Program: The Logic Model
      Questions for Evaluation Research
      Needs Assessment
      Research in the News: What Motivates Policy Shifts?
      Process Evaluation
      Outcome Evaluation
      Efficiency Analysis
      Design Decisions
      Black Box or Program Theory?
      Researcher or Stakeholder Orientation?
      Quantitative and/or Qualitative Methods?
      Simple or Complex Outcomes?
      Implications for Evidence-Based Practice
      Evaluation Research in a Diverse Society
      Ethics in Evaluation
      Conclusion
      Key Terms
      Highlights
      Discussion Questions
      Practice Exercises
      Web Exercises
      Developing A Research Proposal
      Question Of Ethics
      Introducing Statistics
      Preparing Data for Analysis
      Displaying Univariate Distributions
      Graphs
      Frequency Distributions
      Ungrouped Data
      Grouped Data
      Combined and Compressed Distributions
      Summarizing Univariate Distributions
      Research in the News: General Social Survey Shows Infidelity on the Rise
      Measures of Central Tendency
      Mode
      Median
      Mean
      Median or Mean?
      Measures of Variation
      Range
      Interquartile Range
      Variance
      Standard Deviation
      Describing Relationships Among Variables
      Graphing Association
      Describing Association
      Evaluating Association
      Implications for Evidence-Based Practice
      Choosing a Statistical Test
      Hypothesis Testing and Statistical Significance
      Quantitative Data Analysis in a Diverse Society
      Ethical Issues: Avoiding Misleading Findings
      Conclusion
      Key Terms
      Highlights
      Discussion Questions
      Practice Exercise
      Web Exercises
      Developing A Research Proposal
      Question Of Ethics
      Beginning With a Research Proposal
      Case Study: Treating Substance Abuse
      Writing Can Be Frustrating!
      Reporting Results
      Research in the News: How Much Should Social Scientists Report?
      Peer-Review Journal Articles
      Reporting Qualitative Research
      Mixed Methods Research
      Applied Research Reports
      Poster Presentations
      Implications for Evidence-Based Practice
      Social Work Research in a Diverse Society
      Ethical Considerations
      Communicating With the Public
      Plagiarism
      Conclusion
      Highlights
      Discussion Questions
      Practice Exercises
      Web Exercises
      Developing A Research Proposal
      Question Of Ethics.
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