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    Biogeography : biological diversity across space and time / Mark V. Lomolino, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, Brett R. Riddle, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Robert J. Whittaker, University of Oxford.

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    • Title:Biogeography : biological diversity across space and time / Mark V. Lomolino, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, Brett R. Riddle, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Robert J. Whittaker, University of Oxford.
    •    
    • Variant Title:Biological diversity across space and time
    • Author/Creator:Lomolino, Mark V., 1953- author.
    • Other Contributors/Collections:Riddle, Brett R., author.
      Whittaker, Robert J., author.
    • Published/Created:Sunderland, Massachusetts, U.S.A. : Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers, [2017]

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    • Library of Congress Subjects:Biogeography.
    • Edition:Fifth edition.
    • Description:xv, 759 pages : color illustrations, color maps ; 29 cm
    • Summary:"Biogeography, first published in 1983, is one of the most comprehensive text and general reference books in the natural sciences. The Fifth Edition builds on the strengths of previous editions to provide an insightful and integrative explanation of how geographic variation across terrestrial and marine environments has influenced the fundamental processes of immigration, extinction, and evolution to shape species distributions and nearly all patterns of biological diversity. It is an empirically and conceptually rich text that illustrates general patterns and processes using examples from a broad diversity of life forms, time periods and aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Biogeography, Fifth Edition is written as a primary text for undergraduate and graduate courses, and is also an invaluable reference for biogeographers, ecologists, evolutionary biologists, and conservation biologists. Its fundamental assertion is that patterns in biological diversity make little sense unless viewed within an explicit geographic context. Starting from principal patterns and fundamental principles, and assuming only a rudimentary knowledge of biology, geography, and Earth history, the text explains the relationships between geographic variation in biological diversity and the geological, ecological, and evolutionary processes that have produced them. The use of color illustrations, evaluated and optimized for colorblind readers, has transformed our abilities to illustrate key concepts and empirical patterns in the geography of nature. By providing a description of the historical development of biogeography, evolution and ecology, along with a comprehensive account of the principal patterns, fundamental principles and recent advances in each of these fields of science, our ultimate vision is for Biogeography to serve as the centerpiece of a one- or two-semester core course in biological diversity."--Publisher's description.
    • Notes:Includes bibliographical references (pages [661]-735) and index.
    • ISBN:9781605354729 hardcover
      1605354724 hardcover
    • Contents:Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 Science of Biogeography
      What Is Biogeography?
      Integrative nature of the field
      Relationships to other sciences and an outline of this book
      Philosophy and basic principles
      Doing Contemporary Biogeography
      ch. 2 History and Reticulating Phylogeny of Biogeography
      Ancient Knowledge
      Globalization of the Geography of Nature
      Box 2.1 Persistent Themes of Biogeography
      Foundations of Modern Biogeography
      Theoretical Maturation during the 19th Century: A Morass before Darwin and Wallace
      Four British scientists
      Box 2.2 Biogeographic Principles Advocated by Alfred Russel Wallace
      Other contributions of the 19th Century
      Conceptual Revolutions of the 20th Century
      Synopsis
      ch. 3 Geographic Template: Visualization and Analysis of Biogeographic Patterns
      Definition and Components of the Geographic Template
      Climate
      Soil formation and soil types
      Chemistry and physics of aquatic environments
      Tides and the intertidal zone
      Time
      Two-Dimensional Renderings of the Geographic Template
      Early maps and cartography
      Flattening the globe: Projections and geographic coordinate systems
      Visualizing Biogeographic Patterns
      Exemplars of visualization in biogeography
      GIS revolution
      Cartograms and strategic distortions
      Obtaining Geo-Referenced Data
      Humboldt's legacy: A global system of observatories
      Remote sensing and satellite imagery
      Interpolation over space and time
      Analyzing Biogeographic Patterns
      ch. 4 Distributions of Species: Ecological Foundations
      Distribution of Individuals
      Distribution of Species and Populations
      Mapping and measuring the range
      Population growth and demography
      Hutchinson's multidimensional niche concept
      geographic range as a reflection of the niche
      relationship between distribution and abundance
      What Limits the Geographic Range?
      Physical limiting factors
      Disturbance, dispersal, and time
      Interactions with other organisms
      Synthesis
      ch. 5 Distribution and Dynamics of Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
      Historical and Biogeographic Perspectives
      Communities and Ecosystems
      Community organization: Energetic considerations
      Distribution of ecological communities
      Temporal patterns: Ecological succession
      Mapping Communities: Compositional and Functional Approaches
      Terrestrial Biomes
      Forests
      Woodlands and savanna
      Grasslands
      Deserts
      Aquatic Communities
      Marine communities
      Freshwater communities
      Global Comparison of Biomes and Communities
      Ecosystem Geography
      Synthesis in Community Ecology and Biogeography
      ch. 6 Dispersal and Immigration
      Box 6.1 The Fundamental, Unifying Principles of Biogeography
      What Is Dispersal?
      Dispersal as an ecological process
      Dispersal as a historical biogeographic event
      Dispersal and Range Expansion
      Jump dispersal
      Diffusion
      Secular migration
      Mechanisms of Movement
      Active dispersal
      Passive dispersal
      Nature of Barriers
      Physiological barriers
      Ecological and psychological barriers
      Biotic Exchange and Dispersal Routes
      Corridors
      Filters
      Sweepstakes routes
      Other means of biotic exchange
      Dispersal curves within and among species
      Establishing a Colony
      Influence of habitat selection
      What constitutes a propagule?
      Survival in a new ecosystem
      Advances in the Study of Dispersal
      ch. 7 Speciation and Extinction
      Box 7.1 Some Terms Used by Systematists and Evolutionary Biologists
      What Are Species?
      evolution of species concepts
      Units below the species level
      Higher Classifications
      How Do New Species Arise?
      Mechanisms of genetic differentiation
      Allopatric speciation
      Sympatric and parapatric speciation
      Diversification
      Ecological differentiation
      Adaptive radiation
      Extinction
      Ecological processes
      Recent extinctions
      Extinctions in the fossil record
      Macroevolution
      punctuated equilibrium concept and evolution in the fossil record
      Species selection
      role of historical contingency
      Micro- and Macroevolution: Toward a Synthesis
      ch. 8 Changing Earth
      Geological Timescale
      Estimating time
      Theory of Continental Drift
      Wegener's theory
      Early opposition to continental drift
      Evidence for continental drift
      Box 8.1 Discoveries That Contributed to the Acceptance of the Theory of Continental Drift
      Current Model: Plate Tectonic Theory
      Earth's Tectonic History
      Tectonic History of the Continents
      Gondwana, Laurasia, and the formation of Pangaea
      breakup of Pangaea
      breakup of Laurasia and its rifting from Gondwana
      breakup of Gondwana
      Cenozoic Tectonics
      Indo-Australian Region and Wallacea
      Central America and the Antilles
      Tectonic Development of Marine Basins and Island Chains
      Epeiric seas
      Formation of the Mediterranean and Red Seas
      Dynamics of the Pacific Ocean
      Paleoclimates and paleocirculations
      Climatic and Biogeographic Consequences of Plate Tectonics
      ch. 9 Glaciation and Biogeographic Dynamics of the Pleistocene
      Record and Drivers of Pleistocene Glaciation
      Extent of Pleistocene Glaciation
      Effects of Climatic Cycles on Non-Glaciated Areas
      Temperature
      Geographic shifts in climatic zones
      Sea level changes during the Pleistocene
      Biogeographic Responses to Climatic Cycles of the Pleistocene
      Biogeographic responses of terrestrial biotas
      Box 9.1 Biogeographic Responses to Climatic Cycles of the Pleistocene
      Dynamics of plant communities in the aridlands of North and South America
      Aquatic systems
      Biotic Exchange and Glacial Cycles
      Pleistocene Refugia
      Extinctions of the Pleistocene Megafauna
      ch. 10 Geography of Diversification and Regionalization
      Fundamental Geographic Patterns
      Endemism and Cosmopolitanism
      origins of endemics
      Provincialism
      Terrestrial and freshwater regions
      Box 10.1 How Have Big Data Sets, Quantitative Approaches, and Evolutionary Affinities Changed How We Define Terrestrial Biogeographic Regions?
      Subdividing the terrestrial regions
      Distributional congruence reflects a shared history of diversification
      Marine regions and provinces
      Quantifying Similarity among Biotas
      Disjunction
      Patterns
      Processes
      Maintaining Distinct Biotas
      Barriers between biogeographic regions
      Resistance to invasion
      Avian migration and provincialism
      Biotic Interchange
      Great American Biotic Interchange
      Box 10.2 Old versus Young Isthmus: Geology, Fossils, Ecology, and Molecular Phylogenies
      Lessepsian exchange: The Suez Canal
      Biotic interchange: A final point
      Convergence of Isolated Lineages and Biotas
      Convergence at the species level
      Convergence of entire assemblages
      Overview
      ch. 11 Reconstructing the Evolutionary History of Lineages
      Classifying Biological diversity and Inferring Evolutionary Relationships
      Systematics
      Evolutionary systematics
      Numerical phenetics
      Phylogenetic systematics
      Box 11.1 The Principles and Rules of Hennigian Logic
      Box 11.2 The Basis of Hennig's Paradigm: A Hypothetical Example of Cladogenesis and Cladogram Construction
      Molecular Systematics
      Evolution of methods in molecular systematics
      Molecular characters and properties of molecular evolution
      Molecular versus morphological characters
      Fossil Record
      Limitations of the fossil record
      Biogeographic implications of fossils
      Molecular Clocks and Estimating Times of Divergence
      Emerging Synthesis of Molecular Systematics and Paleontology
      ch. 12 Reconstructing the Geographic History of Lineages and Biotas
      Shifting Paradigms in Historical Biogeography
      Determining centers of origin and directions of dispersal on a stable Earth
      From center of origin-dispersal to vicariance
      Box 12.1 Sea Snakes: Illustrating the Logic and Flaws of a Center of Origin-Dispersal Paradigm
      Beyond Vicariance Biogeography and Simple Vicariance
      Box 12.2 Defining and Delineating Areas of Endemism
      Box 12.3 Processes That Reduce the Generality of the General Area Cladogram
      Different approaches to the same question, or different questions?
      Which approach to use?
      Phylogeography
      dual nature of phylogeography
      Combining phylogeography and ecological niche modeling
      Reconstructing shallow histories of lineages and biotas
      impact of phylogeography on biogeography and other disciplines
      Box 12.4 Statistical Phylogeography
      Brief Overview of Lineage and Biotic Histories
      Histories in Gondwana
      Histories in Laurasia
      Connections between Gondwana and Laurasia
      Histories in the marine realm
      Continental histories in, and just before, the ice ages
      Few Final Thoughts on Historical Reconstruction of Lineages and Biotas
      ch. 13 Island Biogeography
      Nature of Islands
      Patterns in Species Richness and Models of Diversity Dynamics
      species-area relationship
      Box 13.1 Interpretations and Comparisons of Parameters in the Species-Area Relationship: An Additional Caution
      species-isolation relationship
      equilibrium model of island biogeography
      Advancing island biogeography theory
      Box 13.2 Empirical Studies Test the Equilibrium Model
      Patterns in Species Composition
      Forces assembling insular biotas
      Release, displacement, and the ecological assembly of insular communities
      Distributions of particular species
      Box 13.3 New Zealand's Moas: Four Times Anomalous
      Contents note continued: Evolutionary Marvels of Island Life
      Dispersal denied: Sticking to the wreck
      Transformations of life's most fundamental characteristic-size
      Evolving ecologies
      Perils of Island Life
      Taxon cycles and evolutionary traps
      ch. 14 Areography, Ecogeography, and Macroecology of Continental and Oceanic Biotas
      Macroecological Approach
      Geographic Range: Areography
      Patterns in range shape and size
      frequency distribution of range size
      Geographic gradients in range size
      Geographic range size as a function of body size
      Temporal dynamics of range size
      Shapes of ranges
      internal structure of geographic ranges
      Ecogeographic Rules: The Terrestrial Realm
      Body size and Bergmann's rule
      Appendages and Allen's rule
      Pelage color and Gloger's rule
      Lack's rule and the geography of life history traits
      Ecogeographic Rules: The Marine Realm
      Thorson's rule of larval development
      Temperature, diversity, and Jordan's rule of vertebrae
      Geographic gradients in ecological interactions and morphological defenses
      Geography of Biological Diversity
      Diversity measures and terminology
      Latitudinal Gradients in Biological Diversity
      nature and complexity of the pattern
      ancient but not primordial pattern
      Topographic and Oceanic Modifiers
      peninsula effect
      Elevational gradients in diversity
      Depth and diversity in the aquatic realm
      Explanations for the Geography of Biological Diversity
      Coda
      ch. 15 Biogeography of Humanity, Biological Diversity, and Conservation Biogeography
      Box 15.1 The Geography of Life before Man
      Dynamic Biogeography of Humanity
      Migrations out of Africa
      Colonizing the Pacific: Indonesia, Sahul, and Oceania
      Conquering the cold: Expansions across the Palearctic region
      Invasions of the New World
      Ecogeography and Island Biogeography of Humanity
      Biodiversity Crisis and Conservation Biogeography
      Biological diversity and the Linnaean shortfall
      Box 15.2 Challenges and Successes in Addressing the Linnaean Shortfall
      Conservation biogeography and the Wallacean shortfall
      geography of recent extinctions and endangerment
      Geographic range collapse
      dynamic geography of extinction forces
      ch. 16 From the Foundations to the Frontiers of Biogeography.
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