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    Principles of gender-specific medicine : gender in the genomic era / edited by Marianne J. Legato.

    • Title:Principles of gender-specific medicine : gender in the genomic era / edited by Marianne J. Legato.
    •    
    • Other Contributors/Collections:Legato, Marianne J., 1935- editor.
    • Published/Created:London ; San Diego, CA : Elsevier/Academic Press, [2017]
    • Holdings

       
    • Library of Congress Subjects: Health--Sex differences.
      Women--Health and hygiene.
      Men--Health and hygiene.
      Medical care--Sex differences.
      Medicine--Research--Sex differences.
      Sex factors in disease.
    • Medical Subjects:Sex Factors.
      Disease Susceptibility.
      Sex Characteristics.
      Women's Health.
      Men's Health.
    • Edition:Third edition.
    • Description:xxii, 770 pages : illustrations ; 29 cm
    • Notes:Includes bibliographical references and index.
    • ISBN:9780128035061
      0128035064
    • Contents:1. Normal and Variant Sex Development / Olaf Hiort
      1.1. Physiology of Biological Sex Development
      1.2. Pathophysiology
      1.3. Diagnostic Procedures
      1.4. Management of DSD
      1.5. Therapy
      1.6. Conclusion and Outlook
      References
      2. Gender Diagnoses / Jack Drescher
      2.1. Early History
      2.2. History of Gender Diagnoses in DSM and ICD
      2.3. Controversies Surrounding Gender Diagnoses
      2.4. Conclusion
      References
      3. Gender Identity in Disorders of Sex Development / Jennifer H. Yang
      3.1. Introduction
      3.2. History of Disorders of Sex Development
      3.3. Psychosexual Development
      3.4. Disorders of Sex Development
      3.5. Future Directions
      3.6. Conclusions
      References
      4. Female Sexual Function: The Role of Animal Models in Assessing Female Sexual Dysfunction / Ursula Wesselmann
      4.1. Introduction
      4.2. Behavioral Models of Sexual Desire and Motivation
      4.3. Animal Models of Sexual Arousal
      4.4. Receptive Behavior: Lordosis
      4.5. Animal Models of Orgasm
      4.6. Models of Pain Associated with Potential Sexual Dysfunction
      4.7. Endometriosis
      4.8. Future Directions
      Acknowledgments
      References
      5. Fertility Treatment and Preservation in Transgender Men and Women / Dov Feldberg
      5.1. Introduction
      5.2. Definition of Transgender People
      5.3. Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender-Nonconforming People
      5.4. Epidemiology of Gender Identity Disorder
      5.5. Reproductive Options for Trans People
      5.6. The Ethical/Legal Status of Medically-Assisted Reproduction in Transsexual People
      5.7. ART Treatment for Transgender Men and Women
      5.8. Reproductive Wish in Transgender Men
      5.9. Fertility and Achievement of Pregnancy in Transgender Men
      5.10. Reproductive Wish in Transgender Women
      5.11. Fertility and Achievement of Pregnancy in Transgender Women
      5.12. Conclusion
      References
      6. Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender-Nonconforming People: An Introduction / Eli Coleman
      6.1. Introduction to the SOC
      6.2. Basic Principles
      6.3. The Issue of Medical Necessity
      6.4. Clinical Effectiveness
      6.5. The Standards of Care are Flexible
      6.6. Beyond the Binary
      6.7. Competency for Adult Assessment
      6.8. Competency for Childhood and Adolescent Assessment
      6.9. Surgical Competency
      6.10. Criteria or Hormone and Surgery
      6.11. Therapy before Surgery
      6.12. Surgery Criteria for Adolescents
      6.13. A Note About Social Transitions for Children and Adolescents
      6.14. Risks of Withholding or Delaying Medical Treatment
      6.15. Important Role of Advocacy
      6.16. Conclusion
      References
      7. Sex-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms in External Genitalia Development / Liang Ma
      7.1. Overview
      7.2. The Androgen-Independent Phase of Genital Tubercle Development
      7.3. Hormone-Dependent Sexual Differentiation
      References
      8. The Transsexual Adult / Adrian Dobs
      8.1. Introduction
      8.2. Terminology
      8.3. Epidemiology
      8.4. Pathophysiology
      8.5. Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
      8.6. Treatment
      8.7. Conclusion
      8.8. Future Research
      References
      9. Sexual and Gender Minority Individuals in Health Care: Strategies to Include Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Health Professions Education / Alexandra Muller
      9.1. Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Health
      9.2. Health Care Needs of Sexual Minority Patients
      9.3. Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression, and Health Professions Education
      9.4. Conclusion
      References
      10. Sex Influences Exist at All Levels of Human Brain Function / Larry Cahill
      10.1. Introduction
      10.2. How Did Neuroscience Get to be Like This?
      10.3. Where are Sex Influences on the Brain? Everywhere
      10.4. Animal Research
      10.5. Human Brain Structure/Function
      10.6. A Counterreaction
      10.7. Emotional Memory
      10.8. Conclusions and Future Directions
      References
      11. Sex Differences in the Brain: Focus on Developmental Mechanisms / Margaret M. Mccarthy
      11.1. Introduction
      11.2. Historical Perspective and Current Status
      11.3. Conceptualizing Sex Differences
      11.4. Steroid Hormones Program the Developing Brain
      11.5. Mechanisms of Steroid-Induced Masculinization
      11.6. Elucidating Mechanisms of Normal Brain Development in Males and Females Provides Clues to Sources of Vulnerability and Resilience
      References
      12. Sexual Dimorphisms in the Nervous System of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans / Oliver Hobert
      12.1. Introduction
      12.2. C. elegans as a Model System for Neurodevelopment
      12.3. Sex Differences in the Nervous System
      12.4. Sex Determination in C. elegans
      12.5. Mechanisms of Generating Dimorphic Circuits That Control Dimorphic Behaviors
      12.6. Dynamic Control of Neurotransmitter Identity in the Male-Specific Nervous System
      12.7. Other Molecular Differences in Sex-Shared Neurons
      12.8. Conclusions
      References
      13. Oxytocin and Brain Plasticity / Ioana Carcea
      13.1. Oxytocin: A Historical Perspective
      13.2. Anatomical Organization of the Oxytocin System
      13.3. Physiological Effects of Oxytocin in the Periphery
      13.4. Physiological Effects of Oxytocin in the Central Nervous System
      13.5. Oxytocin and Potential Therapeutic Treatment
      Acknowledgments
      References
      14. Emotion and Gender-Specific Neural Processing in Men and Women / Nicholas B. Allen
      14.1. Introduction
      14.2. Emotion Perception
      14.3. Emotion Reactivity
      14.4. Emotion Regulation
      14.5. Emotion Experience
      14.6. Summary
      14.7. Theoretical Implications
      14.8. Limitations of Existing Studies and Future Directions
      14.9. Conclusions
      References
      15. Behind the Mask: The Experience of Assessment, Diagnosis, and Living with Autism for Girls and Young Women / Jan Burns
      15.1. Introduction
      15.2. Autism Spectrum Disorders: Definition and Classification
      15.3. ASC Theories and Gender
      15.4. Gender, Assessment, and Autism
      15.5. Gender Differences in ASC
      15.6. Coping and the Costs of Coping
      15.7. Managing ASC
      15.8. Clinical Implications
      15.9. Research Implications
      15.10. Conclusions
      References
      16. The Significance of Gender in Perinatal Medicine / Eyal Sheiner
      16.1. Introduction
      16.2. Intrauterine Life and the Immediate Postpartum Period
      16.3. The Placenta
      16.4. Lifelong Impact of the Intrauterine Environment
      16.5. Summary of Differences and Clinical Implications
      16.6. Limitations of Research and Future Directions
      References
      17. Intrauterine Development of Sex Differences
      Fetal Programming / Marek Glezerman
      17.1. Hormonal, Genetic, and Environmental Aspects of Fetal Sex Determination
      17.2. The Effects of Fetal Testosterone on the Growing Fetus
      17.3. "Female" Brain and "Male" Brain
      17.4. Fetal Origin of Adult Disease
      17.5. Prenatal Maternal Stress and the Developing Embryo and Fetus
      17.6. The Pregnant Women as a Mediator to the Outside World
      References
      18. Battle of the Sexes: How the Selection of Spermatozoa in the Female Reproductive Tract Manipulates the Sex Ratio of Offspring / Alireza Fazeli
      18.1. Introduction: The Adaptive Control of Offspring Gender
      18.2. Evidence That Parents are Able to Influence the Sex Ratio of Offspring
      18.3. Potential Molecular Mechanisms That Mothers may Employ to Differentiate Between Spermatozoa
      18.4. Concluding Remarks
      References
      19. All Cells Have a Sex: Studies of Sex Chromosome Function at the Cellular Level / Neil A. Bradbury
      19.1. Introduction
      19.2. Cell Physiology at the Center of Biomedical Science
      19.3. Hormone-Independent Effects of Sex Chromosomes and the Sexome
      19.4. The Sex Chromosomes
      19.5. X-Rated MicroRNAs
      19.6. Zinc Finger Proteins
      19.7. Sex at the Heart of Protein Synthesis
      19.8. Sex and the Cytochromes
      19.9. Sex and the Brain
      19.10. Y Some Male Cells Are Not!
      19.11. Conclusion
      References
      20. Sex-Specific Implications of Exposure to An Adverse Intrauterine Environment / Catherine E.M. Aiken
      20.1. Introduction
      20.2. Sex-Specific Differences in Normal Intrauterine Development
      20.3. Defining a Sex-Specific Response in Developmental Programming
      Methodological Analysis
      20.4. Sex-Specific Implications of Adverse Environmental Stimuli in Human Early Development
      20.5. Sex-Specific Implications of Adverse Environmental Stimuli in Animal Models
      20.6. Developmental Programming of the Reproductive Tract: A Special Case
      20.7. Sex-Specific Transgenerational Developmental Programming
      20.8. Conclusions
      References
      21. Immune Response
      The Impact of Biological Sex and Gender / Sabine Oertelt-Prigione
      21.1. Introduction
      21.2. Sex and Genetics in the Immune Response
      21.3. Sex and Hormones in the Immune Response
      21.4. Gender in the Immune Response
      21.5. Health Care Access
      21.6. Relevance for Clinical Practice
      References
      22. Geoepidemiology and the Impact of Sex on Autoimmune Diseases / Ana Lleo
      Abbreviations
      22.1. Introduction
      22.2. Geoepidemiology of Autoimmune Diseases
      22.3. Sex Prevalence
      22.4. The Influence of Gender
      22.5. Sex Prevalence in Autoimmune Diseases: Is There a Prognostic Role for Sex?
      22.6. Concluding Remarks and Future Directions References
      23. Gender and Gene Regulation in Human Immunity / Howard Chang
      23.1. Introduction
      23.2. Gender and Immunity
      23.3. What Is Known About Gender and Gene Regulation
      23.4. Differential Differences in Gene Regulation in Immunity and Immune Disease
      23.5. Summary
      References
      24. Sex and Gender Specific Aspects
      From Cells to Cardiovascular Disease / Vera Regitz-Zagrosek
      24.1. Introduction
      24.2. Contribution of Sex Chromosomes
      24.3. Contribution of Sex Hormones and Their Receptors
      24.4. Epigenetic Modifications
      24.5. Differentiation of Chromosomal and Sex Hormone Effects
      24.6. Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Cell Functions
      24.7. Sex Differences in Clinical Syndromes
      24.8. Conclusions and Future Directions of Research
      Acknowledgment
      References
      25. Estrogen: Impact on Cardiomyocytes and the Heart / Jin Kyung Kim
      25.1. Introduction
      25.2. Estrogen on the Heart: Clinical Considerations
      25.3. Estrogen on Cardiomyocytes: Scientific Data
      25.4. Conclusion
      Funding Sources
      Disclosures
      References
      26. The Sexually Dimorphic Characteristics of the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation / Elaine Wan
      26.1. Prevalence of Atrial Fibrillation
      26.2. Electrophysiology of AF
      26.3. Cellular Electrophysiology and Ionic Basis for Sex Differences
      26.4. Sex-Based Differences in Presentation, Treatment, and Outcomes in Women with AF
      26.5. Drug Therapy for AF
      26.6. Catheter Ablation for AF
      26.7. Conclusions
      References
      27. Gender Differences in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
      Current Knowledge and Deficits / Shambhu Aryal
      Abbreviations
      27.1. Introduction
      27.2. Gender Differences in the Prevalence of COPD
      27.3. Gender Differences in the Etiological Risk Factors of COPD
      27.4. Gender Differences in Genetic Susceptibility
      27.5. Gender Differences Clinical Presentation
      27.6. Gender Differences in Diagnosis and Health Care Delivery
      27.7. Gender Differences in Treatment
      27.8. Gender Differences in Morbidity and Mortality
      27.9. Gender Differences in Comorbidities of COPD
      27.10. Conclusion
      References
      28. Cancer: Gender Differences at the Molecular Level / Mehmet Tevfik Dorak
      28.1. Introduction
      28.2. Differences Between Males and Females that may Underlie Differences in Cancer Susceptibility
      28.3. Molecular Mechanisms of Increased Male-Specific Susceptibility in Liver and Kidney Cancers
      References
      29. An Updated Overview of the Gender-Specific Response to Infection / Erin E. Mcclelland
      29.1. Introduction
      29.2. Differences in Immune Function
      29.3. Bacteria
      29.4. Fungi
      29.5. Parasites
      29.6. Viruses
      29.7. Prions
      29.8. Summary
      References
      30. Gender-Based Differences in Mortality in Indian Children Aged 5 to 14 years / Shaun K. Morris
      30.1. Introduction
      30.2. By the Numbers
      30.3. Previous Research
      30.4. Future Directions
      References
      31. Consideration of Biological Sex in Translating Regenerative Stem Cell Therapies / Dan Gazit
      31.1. Introduction
      31.2. Embryonic Stem Cells
      31.3. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
      31.4. Mesenchymal Stem Cells
      31.5. Hematopoietic Stem Cells
      31.6. Muscle-Derived Stem Cells
      31.7. Endothelial Progenitor Cells
      31.8. Neural Stem Cells
      31.9. Current Challenges and Future Prospects
      References
      32. Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine / Hiko Hyakusoku
      32.1. Introduction
      Approaches of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells for Cell-based Therapeutics
      32.2. Localization and Isolation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells From Adipose Tissue
      32.3. Cellular Characterization and Soluble Factors
      32.4. The Proliferation Capacity of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells
      32.5. Differentiation Capacity of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells
      32.6. In vivo Tissue/Organ Regeneration by Adipose-Derived Stem Cells
      32.7. Ongoing Clinical Trials and Future Direction of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine
      32.8. Conclusions
      References
      33. Sex, Gender, and Pain / Roger B. Fillingim
      33.1. Introduction
      33.2. Conceptual Issues
      33.3. Sex Differences in Clinical Pain
      33.4. Sex Differences in Experimental Pain Responses
      33.5. Mechanisms Contributing to Sex Differences in Pain
      33.6. Sex Differences in Pain Treatment
      33.7. Conclusions and Future Directions
      References
      34. Sex and Gender Differences in Trauma Victims Presenting for Treatment / Dorte M. Christiansen
      34.1. Introduction
      34.2. Psychological Trauma in a Medical Setting
      34.3. Gender Differences in Trauma Exposure
      34.4. Gender Differences in the Acute Response to Trauma
      34.5. Gender Differences in Trauma-Related Symptoms and Disorders
      34.6. Gender Differences in Treatment of Trauma-Related Disorders
      34.7. Discussion
      34.8. Conclusion
      References
      35. Women Do Worse Than Men
      Gender-Specific Differences in Burn Patients / Reinhard Pauzenberger
      35.1. Introduction
      35.2. Classification of Burn Injuries
      35.3. Scoring Systems in Burns
      35.4. Epidemiology of Burn Injuries
      35.5. Causes for Gender-Specific Differences in Burn Mortality
      35.6. Alternative Reasons for Gender Dimorphism in Burns
      35.7. Conclusion
      35.8. Suggestions for Further Research
      References
      36. Exercise Physiology in Men and Women / Bente Kiens
      36.1. Introduction
      36.2. Body Composition
      36.3. Cardiovascular Differences and Maximal Oxygen Uptake
      36.4. Muscle Fiber Type Composition
      36.5. Anaerobic and Aerobic Exercise
      36.6. Substrate Metabolism During Exercise
      36.7. ATP Resynthesizes in Skeletal Muscle
      36.8. Estrogen and its Impact on Metabolism
      36.9. Gender Differences in Metabolism During Recovery From Exercise
      36.10. Nutritional Implications in Relation to Exercise
      36.11. Concluding Highlights
      References
      37. Musculoskeletal Complaints in Male and Female Instrumental Musicians / Rob G.H.H. Nelissen
      37.1. A Historical Perspective of Musculoskeletal Complaints in Musicians
      37.2. Musculoskeletal Complaints in the General Population
      37.3. Musculoskeletal Complaints in Musicians
      37.4. Gender Differences
      37.5. Other Determinants of Musculoskeletal Complaints in Musicians
      37.6. Prevention
      37.7. Therapeutic Management
      A Practical Approach
      37.8. Conclusion
      References
      38. Nutritional Genomics and Biological Sex / Jose M. Ordovas
      38.1. Introduction
      38.2. Interindividual Differences in Response to Diet and Nutritional Genomics
      38.3. Genes and Biological Sex
      38.4. Epigenetics and Sex
      38.5. Conclusions, Questions, and Challenges
      References
      39. Microbiome: Impact of Gender on Function & Characteristics of Gut Microbiome / Veena Taneja
      39.1. Introduction
      39.2. Host Microbiome and Immune System
      39.3. Sex-Bias in Immune System
      39.4. Microbiome and Sex-Bias
      39.5. Sex Hormones and Microbiome
      39.6. Microbiome in Sex-Biased Autoimmunity
      39.7. Diet, Sex, and Microbiome
      Acknowledgments
      References
      40. Sex and Gender Differences in Sleep Disorders: An Overview / Hrayr Attarian
      40.1. Introduction
      40.2. Insomnia
      40.3. Sleep Disordered Breathing
      40.4. Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome
      40.5. Restless Legs Syndrome or Willis-Ekbom Disorder
      40.6. Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
      40.7. Parasomnias
      40.8. Conclusions
      References
      41. Gender Differences in Bladder and Kidney Cancers / Shahrokh F. Shariat
      41.1. Gender Differences in Bladder Cancer
      41.2. Gender Differences in Kidney Cancer
      References
      42. The Complex Challenge of Blood Pressure Regulation: Influences of Sex and Aging on Sympathetic Mechanisms / Nisha Charkoudian
      42.1. Summary
      42.2. Introduction
      42.3. Measuring SNA in Humans
      42.4. The Sympathetic Regulation of BP: Short- and Long-Term BP Control
      42.5. SNA and the Level of BP in Young Men and Women
      42.6. The Impact of Aging and the Menopause on BP Control
      42.7. Sex Differences and the Reproductive Hormones in the Pathophysiology of Essential Hypertension
      42.8. Overall Summary and Conclusions
      Disclaimer
      References
      43. Gender at the Interface of Renal Aging: Physiological and Pathological Perspectives / Anna Pisano
      43.1. Introduction
      43.2. Genetic Basis of Renal Aging
      43.3. Biological Aspects of Renal Aging
      43.4. Structural and Functional Changes of the Aging Kidney and Impact of Gender
      43.5. Future Directions for Delaying Renal Senescence
      43.6. Conclusions
      References
      44. Gender Differences in Mobility of Elderly: Measurements and Interventions to Improve Mobility / Aleksandar Milenkovic
      44.1. Introduction
      44.2. Automated Assessment of Mobility
      44.3. Assessment of Effectiveness of Balance for Life Intervention Program on Mobility
      44.4. Discussion
      44.5. Conclusion
      References
      45. Personalized Medicine in Space Flight, Part I: Standard Clinical Approaches / Marsh Cuttino
      45.1. Introduction
      45.2. Sex-Specific Variation of Humans in Space
      45.3. Contextual Aspects of Commercial Space Flight
      45.4. Standard Clinical Approaches to Space Flight Medical Assessment
      45.5. Final Considerations
      References
      Further Reading 46. Personalized Medicine in Space Flight, Part II: Personalized Precision Medicine Approaches / Marsh Cuttino
      46.1. Introduction
      46.2. Personalized Approaches to Space Flight Medical Assessment and Countermeasures
      46.3. Nonessential Inputs, Molecular Networks, and the Clinical Phenotype
      46.4. Final Considerations
      Acknowledgments
      References
      Further Reading
      47. Robots and Gender / Tatsuya Nomura
      47.1. Introduction
      47.2. Robot Gender
      47.3. Human Gender
      47.4. Interaction Effects
      47.5. Future Directions of Gender Issues in HRI
      47.6. Summary
      Acknowledgments
      References
      48. Cyborgs: Understanding and Mutual Treatment / Kevin Warwick
      48.1. Introduction
      48.2. Intelligent Machines
      48.3. BrainGate Experiments
      48.4. Growing Brains
      48.5. Biohacking
      48.6. Deep Brain Stimulation
      48.7. Conclusions
      References
      49. Precision Medicine and Challenges in Research and Clinical Implementation / Susanne B. Haga
      49.1. Introduction
      49.2. Major Research Areas in Genome Sciences and Genomic Medicine
      49.3. Research and Clinical Implementation Issues
      49.4. Legal Issues
      49.5. Clinical Implementation Issues
      49.6. Conclusion
      References
      50. Gender-Specific Medicine in Pharmaceutical Drug Discovery and Development / Ibis Sanchez-Serrano
      50.1. Gender Medicine and Biological Sex Differences
      50.2. The Pharmaceutical Industry Business Model
      50.3. The Pharmaceutical Industry & Gender Medicine
      50.4. Obstacles for the Development of Gender-Specific Drugs
      50.5. Conclusion: Gender Medicine, Pharmaceuticals, and Global Health Care
      References.
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