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    Clinical chemistry (Bishop)
    Clinical chemistry : principles, techniques, and correlations / [edited by] Michael L. Bishop, MS, MLS (ASCP), Campus Department Chair, Medical Laboratory Science, Keiser University, Orlando, Florida, Edward P. Fody, MD, Clinical Professor, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, Medical Director, Department of Pathology, Holland Hospital, Holland, Michigan, Larry E. Schoeff, MS, MT(ASCP), Professor (Retired), Medical Laboratory Science Program, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah.

    Bibliographic Record Display

    • Title:[Clinical chemistry (Bishop)]
      Clinical chemistry : principles, techniques, and correlations / [edited by] Michael L. Bishop, MS, MLS (ASCP), Campus Department Chair, Medical Laboratory Science, Keiser University, Orlando, Florida, Edward P. Fody, MD, Clinical Professor, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, Medical Director, Department of Pathology, Holland Hospital, Holland, Michigan, Larry E. Schoeff, MS, MT(ASCP), Professor (Retired), Medical Laboratory Science Program, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah.
    •    
    • Other Contributors/Collections:Bishop, Michael L., editor.
      Fody, Edward P., editor.
      Schoeff, Larry E., editor.
    • Published/Created:Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer, [2018]
      ©2018

    • Holdings

      Holdings Record Display

       
    • Library of Congress Subjects:Clinical chemistry.
    • Medical Subjects: Clinical Chemistry Tests.
      Chemistry, Clinical--methods.
    • Edition:Eighth edition.
    • Description:xxviii, 736 pages : illustrations (chiefly color) ; 29 cm
    • Summary:This book demonstrates the how of clinical testing, and also the what, why, and when of testing correlations to help students develop the knowledge and interpretive and analytic skills they'll need in their future careers.
    • Notes:Includes bibliographical references and index.
    • ISBN:9781496335586
      1496335589
      1496365399
      9781496365392
    • Contents:Machine generated contents note: pt. one Basic Principles and Practice of Clinical Chemistry
      1. Basic Principles and Practices / Elizabeth Warning
      Units of Measure0
      Reagents
      Chemicals
      Reference Materials
      Water Specifications
      Solution Properties
      Concentration
      Colligative Properties
      Redox Potential
      Conductivity
      pH and Buffers
      Clinical Laboratory Supplies
      Thermometers Temperature
      Glassware and Plasticware
      Desiccators and Desiccants
      Balances
      Centrifugation
      Laboratory Mathematics and Calculations
      Significant Figures
      Logarithms
      Concentration
      Dilutions
      Water of Hydration
      Graphing and Beer's Law
      Specimen Considerations
      Types of Samples
      Sample Processing
      Sample Variables
      Chain of Custody
      Electronic and Paper Reporting of Results
      Questions
      References
      2. Laboratory Safety and Regulations / Tolmie E. Wachter
      Laboratory Safety and Regulations
      Occupational Safety and Health Act
      Other Regulations and Guidelines
      Safety Awareness for Clinical Laboratory Personnel
      Safety Responsibility
      Signage and Labeling
      Safety Equipment
      Chemical Fume Hoods and Biosafety Cabinets
      Chemical Storage Equipment
      PPE and Hygiene
      Biologic Safety
      General Considerations
      Spills
      Bloodborne Pathogens
      Airborne Pathogens
      Shipping
      Chemical Safety
      Hazard Communication
      Safety Data Sheet
      OSHA Laboratory Standard
      Toxic Effects from Hazardous Substances
      Storage and Handling of Chemicals
      Radiation Safety
      Environmental Protection
      Personal Protection
      Nonionizing Radiation
      Fire Safety
      Chemistry of Fire
      Classification of Fires
      Types and Applications of Fire Extinguishers
      Control Of Other Hazards
      Electrical Hazards
      Compressed Gas Hazards
      Cryogenic Materials Hazards
      Mechanical Hazards
      Ergonomic Hazards
      Disposal Of Hazardous Materials
      Chemical Waste
      Radioactive Waste
      Biohazardous Waste
      Accident Documentation And Investigation
      Questions
      Bibliography and Suggested Reading
      3. Method Evaluation and Quality Control / Christoper R. McCudden
      Basic Concepts
      Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Center, Spread, and Shape
      Descriptive Statistics of Groups of Paired Observations
      Inferential Statistics
      Method Evaluation
      Regulatory Aspects of Method Evaluation (Alphabet Soup)
      Method Selection
      Method Evaluation
      First Things First: Determine Imprecision and Inaccuracy
      Measurement of Imprecision
      Interference Studies
      COM Studies
      Allowable Analytical Error
      Method Evaluation Acceptance Criteria
      Quality Control
      QC Charts
      Operation of a QC System
      Multirules RULE!
      Proficiency Testing
      Reference Interval Studies
      Establishing Reference Intervals
      Selection of Reference Interval Study Individuals
      Preanalytic and Analytic Considerations
      Determining Whether to Establish or Transfer and Verify Reference Intervals
      Analysis of Reference Values
      Data Analysis to Establish a Reference Interval
      Data Analysis to Transfer and Verify a Reference Interval
      Diagnostic Efficiency
      Measures of Diagnostic Efficiency
      Summary
      Practice Problems
      Problem 3-1 Calculation of Sensitivity and Specificity
      Problem 3-2 Quality Control Decision
      Problem 3-3 Precision (Replication)
      Problem 3-4 Recovery
      Problem 3-5 Interference
      Problem 3-6 Sample Labeling
      Problem 3-7 QC Program for POCT Testing
      Problem 3-8 QC Rule Interpretation
      Problem 3-9 Reference Interval Study Design
      Questions
      Online Resources
      References
      4. Lean Six Sigma Methodology Basics and Quality Improvement in the Clinical Chemistry Laboratory / Monte S. Willis
      Lean Six Sigma Methodology
      Adoption And Implementation Of Lean Six Sigma
      Process Improvement
      Measurements Of Success Using Lean And Six Sigma
      Lean Six Sigma Applications In The Laboratory And The Greater Health Care System
      Practical Application Of Six Sigma Metrics
      Detecting Laboratory Errors
      Defining the Sigma Performance of an Assay
      Choosing the Appropriate Westgard Rules
      Present And Evolving Approaches To Qualityimprovement And Quality Assurance In The Clinical Laboratory: From Qcpto Iqcp And Iso5189
      Today's Standard: Quality Control Plan
      Quality Control Plan Based On Risk Management: Clsi Ep23-A Document
      Quality Assessment
      Individual Quality Control Program: An Option To Streamline Qcp
      Iso5189
      -Quality Management In Medical Laboratories: Adding Risk Assessmentto The Formula Internationally (Global Initiative)
      Conclusions
      Acknowledgments
      Questions
      References
      Resources For Further Information On
      5. Analytic Techniques / Alan H. B. Wu
      Spectrophotometry
      Beer Law
      Spectrophotometric Instruments
      Components of a Spectrophotometer
      Spectrophotometer Quality Assurance
      Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
      Flame Photometry
      Fluorometry
      Basic Instrumentation
      Chemiluminescence
      Turbidity and Nephelometry
      Laser Applications
      Electrochemistry
      Galvanic and Electrolytic Cells
      Half-Cells
      Ion-Selective Electrodes
      pH Electrodes
      Gas-Sensing Electrodes
      Enzyme Electrodes
      Coulometric Chloridometers and Anodic Stripping Voltammetry
      Electrophoresis
      Procedure
      Support Materials
      Treatment and Application of Sample
      Detection and Quantitation
      Electroendosmosis
      Isoelectric Focusing
      Capillary Electrophoresis
      Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis
      Osmometry
      Freezing Point Osmometer
      Surface Plasmon Resonance
      Questions
      References
      6. Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry / Alan H. B. Wu
      Chromatography
      Modes of Separation
      Chromatographic Procedures
      High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
      Gas Chromatography
      Mass Spectrometry
      Sample Introduction and Ionization
      Mass Analyzer
      Detector
      Applications Of Ms In The Clinical Laboratory
      Small Molecule Analysis
      Mass Spectrometry in Proteomics and Pathogen Identification
      Mass Spectrometry at the Point of Care
      Questions
      References
      7. Principles of Clinical Chemistry Automation / Joely A. Straseski
      History Of Automated Analyzers
      Driving Forces Toward More Automation
      Basic Approaches To Automation
      Steps In Automated Analysis
      Specimen Preparation and Identification
      Specimen Measurement and Delivery
      Reagent Systems and Delivery
      Chemical Reaction Phase
      Measurement Phase
      Signal Processing and Data Handling
      Selection Of Automated Analyzers
      Total Laboratory Automation
      Preanalytic Phase (Sample Processing)
      Analytic Phase (Chemical Analyses)
      Postanalytic Phase (Data Management)
      Future Trends In Automation
      Questions
      References
      8. Immunochemical Techniques / Alan H.B. Wu
      Immunoassays
      General Considerations
      Unlabeled Immunoassays
      Labeled Immunoassays
      Future Directions for Immunoassays
      Questions
      References
      9. Molecular Theory and Techniques / Shashi Mehta
      Nucleic Acid-Based Techniques
      Nucleic Acid Chemistry
      Nucleic Acid Extraction
      Hybridization Techniques
      DNA Sequencing
      DNA Chip Technology
      Target Amplification
      Probe Amplification
      Signal Amplification
      Nucleic Acid Probe Applications
      Questions
      References
      10. Point-of-Care Testing / Heather Crookston
      Laboratory Regulations
      Accreditation
      POCT Complexity
      Implementation
      Establishing Need
      POCT Implementation Protocol
      Personnel Requirements
      Quality Management
      Accuracy Requirements
      QC and Proficiency Testing
      Poc Applications
      Informatics And Poct
      Questions
      References
      pt. two Clinical Correlations and Analytic Procedures
      11. Amino Acids and Proteins / Takara L. Blamires
      Amino Acids
      Overview
      Basic Structure
      Metabolism
      Essential Amino Acids
      Nonessential Amino Acids
      Recently Identified Amino Acids
      Aminoacidopathies
      Methods of Analysis
      Proteins
      Overview
      Basic Structure
      General Chemical Properties
      Synthesis
      Catabolism and Nitrogen Balance
      Classification
      Plasma Proteins
      Prealbumin
      Albumin
      Globulins
      Other Proteins Of Clinical Significance
      Myoglobin
      Cardiac Troponin
      Brain Natriuretic Peptide and N-Terminal
      Brain Natriuretic Peptide
      Fibronectin
      Adiponectin
      β-Trace Protein
      Cross-Linked C-Telopeptides
      Cystatin C
      Amyloid
      Total Protein Abnormalities
      Hypoproteinemia
      Hyperproteinemia
      Methods Of Analysis
      Total Nitrogen
      Total Protein
      Fractionation, Identification, and Quantitation of Specific Proteins
      Serum Protein Electrophoresis
      High-Resolution Protein Electrophoresis
      Capillary Electrophoresis
      Isoelectric Focusing
      Immunochemical Methods
      Proteins In Other Body Fluids
      Urinary Protein
      CSF Protein
      Questions
      References
      12. Nonprotein Nitrogen Compounds / Elizabeth L. Frank
      Urea
      Biochemistry
      Clinical Application
      Analytical Methods
      Pathophysiology
      Uric Acid
      Biochemistry
      Clinical Application
      Analytical Methods
      Pathophysiology
      Creatinine Creatine
      Biochemistry
      Clinical Application
      Analytical Methods
      Pathophysiology
      Ammonia
      Biochemistry
      Clinical Application
      Analytical Methods
      Pathophysiology
      Contents note continued: Questions
      References
      13. Enzymes / Kamisha L. Johnson-Davis
      General Properties And Definitions
      Enzyme Classification And Nomenclature
      Enzyme Kinetics
      Catalytic Mechanism of Enzymes
      Factors That Influence Enzymatic Reactions
      Measurement of Enzyme Activity
      Calculation of Enzyme Activity
      Measurement of Enzyme Mass
      Enzymes as Reagents
      Enzymes Of Clinical Significance
      Creatine Kinase
      Lactate Dehydrogenase
      Aspartate Aminotransferase
      Alanine Aminotransferase
      Alkaline Phosphatase
      Acid Phosphatase
      γ-Glutamyltransferase
      Amylase
      Lipase
      Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
      Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes
      Questions
      References
      14. Carbohydrates / Vicki S. Freeman
      General Description Of Carbohydrates
      Classification of Carbohydrates
      Stereoisomers
      Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides
      Chemical Properties of Carbohydrates
      Glucose Metabolism
      Fate of Glucose
      Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism
      Hyperglycemia
      Diabetes Mellitus
      Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus
      Criteria for Testing for Prediabetes and Diabetes
      Criteria for the Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus
      Criteria for the Testing and Diagnosis of GDM
      Hypoglycemia
      Genetic Defects in Carbohydrate Metabolism
      Role Of Laboratory In Differential Diagnosis And Management Of Patients With Glucose Metabolic Alterations
      Methods of Glucose Measurement
      Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose
      Glucose Tolerance and 2-Hour Postprandial Tests
      Glycosylated Hemoglobin HbA1c
      Ketones
      Albuminuria
      Islet Autoantibody and Insulin Testing
      Questions
      References
      15. Lipids and Lipoproteins / Alan T. Remaley
      Lipid Chemistry
      Fatty Acids
      Triglycerides
      Phospholipids
      Cholesterol
      General Lipoprotein Structure
      Chylomicrons
      Very-Low-Density Lipoproteins
      Intermediate-Density Lipoproteins
      Low-Density Lipoproteins
      Lipoprotein (A)
      High-Density Lipoproteins
      Lipoprotein X
      Lipoprotein Physiology And Metabolism
      Lipid Absorption
      Exogenous Pathway
      Endogenous Pathway
      Reverse Cholesterol Transport Pathway
      Lipid And Lipoprotein Population Distributions
      Dyslipidemia and Children
      National Cholesterol Education Program
      National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
      Diagnosis Andtreatment Of Lipid Disorders
      Arteriosclerosis
      Hyperlipoproteinemia
      Hypercholesterolemia
      PCSK9
      Hypertriglyceridemia
      Combined Hyperlipidemia
      Lp(a) Elevation
      Non-HDL Cholesterol
      Hypobetalipoproteinemia
      Hypoalphalipoproteinemia
      Lipid And Lipoprotein Analyses
      Lipid Measurement
      Cholesterol Measurement
      Triglyceride Measurement
      Lipoprotein Methods
      HDL Methods
      LDL Methods
      Compact Analyzers
      Apolipoprotein Methods
      Phospholipid Measurement
      Fatty Acid Measurement
      Standardization Of Lipid And Lipoprotein Assays
      Precision
      Accuracy
      Matrix Interactions
      CDC Cholesterol Reference Method Laboratory Network
      Analytic Performance Goals
      Quality Control
      Specimen Collection
      Questions
      References
      16. Electrolytes / James March Mistier
      Water
      Osmolality
      Electrolytes
      Sodium
      Potassium
      Chloride
      Bicarbonate
      Magnesium
      Calcium
      Phosphate
      Lactate
      Anion Gap
      Electrolytes And Renal Function
      Questions
      References
      17. Blood Gases, pH, and Buffer Systems / Mark D. Kellogg
      Acid
      Base Balance
      Maintenance of H+
      Buffer Systems: Regulation of H+ and the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
      Regulation of Acid
      Base Balance: Lungs and Kidneys (Transport of Carbon Dioxide)
      Assessment Of Acid
      Base Homeostasis
      Bicarbonate Buffering System
      Acid
      Base Disorders: Acidosis and Alkalosis
      Oxygen And Gas Exchange
      Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
      Oxygen Transport
      Assessment of a Patient's Oxygen Status
      Hemoglobin
      Oxygen Dissociation
      Measurement
      Spectrophotometric Determination of Oxygen Saturation (CO-Oximetry)
      Blood Gas Analyzers: pH, pCO2, and pO2
      Measurement of pO2
      Measurement of pH and pCO2
      Types of Electrochemical Sensors
      Optical Sensors
      Calibration
      Correction for Temperature
      Calculated Parameters
      Quality Assurance
      Preanalytic Considerations
      Analytic Assessments: Quality Control and Proficiency Testing
      Questions
      References
      18. Trace and Toxic Elements / Carrie J. Haglock-Adler
      Overview And Objectives
      Instrumentation And Methods
      Sample Collection and Processing
      Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
      Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
      Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
      Interferences
      Elemental Speciation
      Alternative Analytical Techniques
      Aluminum
      Introduction
      Absorption, Transport, and Excretion
      Health Effects and Toxicity
      Laboratory Evaluation of Aluminum Status
      Arsenic
      Introduction
      Health Effects and Toxicity
      Absorption, Transport, and Excretion
      Laboratory Evaluation of Arsenic Status
      Cadmium
      Introduction
      Absorption, Transport, and Excretion
      Health Effects and Toxicity
      Laboratory Evaluation of Cadmium Status
      Chromium
      Introduction
      Absorption, Transport, and Excretion
      Health Effects, Deficiency, and Toxicity
      Laboratory Evaluation of Chromium Status
      Copper
      Introduction
      Absorption, Transport, and Excretion
      Health Effects, Deficiency, and Toxicity
      Laboratory Evaluation of Copper Status
      Iron
      Introduction
      Absorption, Transport, and Excretion
      Health Effects, Deficiency, and Toxicity
      Laboratory Evaluation of Iron Status
      Lead
      Introduction
      Absorption, Transport, and Excretion
      Health Effects and Toxicity
      Laboratory Evaluation of Lead Status
      Mercury
      Introduction
      Absorption, Transport, and Excretion
      Health Effects and Toxicity
      Laboratory Evaluation of Mercury Status
      Manganese
      Introduction
      Absorption, Transport, and Excretion
      Health Effects, Deficiency, and Toxicity
      Laboratory Evaluation of Manganese Status
      Molybdenum
      Introduction
      Absorption, Transport, and Excretion
      Health Effects, Deficiency, and Toxicity
      Laboratory Evaluation of Molybdenum Status
      Selenium
      Introduction
      Absorption, Transport, and Excretion
      Health Effects, Deficiency, and Toxicity
      Laboratory Evaluation of Selenium Status
      Zinc
      Introduction
      Absorption, Transport, and Excretion
      Health Effects, Deficiency, and Toxicity
      Laboratory Evaluation of Zinc Status
      Questions
      Bibliography
      References
      19. Porphyrins and Hemoglobin / Sara A. Taylor
      Porphyrins
      Porphyrin Properties
      Biochemistry: Synthesis of Heme
      Pathophysiology: Disorders of Heme Biosynthesis
      Clinical Application
      Analytical Methods
      Hemoglobin
      Role in the Body
      Structure of Hemoglobin
      Synthesis and Degradation of Hemoglobin
      Clinical Significance and Disease Correlation
      Analytical Methods
      DNA Technology
      Myoglobin
      Structure and Role in the Body
      Clinical Significance
      Analytical Methods
      Questions
      References
      pt. three Assessment of Organ System Functions
      20. Hypothalamic and Pituitary Function / Heather Corn
      Embryology And Anatomy
      Functional Aspects Of The Hypothalamic
      Hypophyseal Unit
      Hypophysiotropic Or Hypothalamic Hormones
      Anterior Pituitary Hormones
      Pituitary Tumors
      Growth Hormone
      Actions of GH
      Testing
      Acromegaly
      GH Deficiency
      Prolactin
      Prolactinoma
      Other Causes of Hyperprolactinemia
      Clinical Evaluation of Hyperprolactinemia
      Management of Prolactinoma
      Idiopathic Galactorrhea
      Hypopituitarism
      Etiology of Hypopituitarism
      Treatment of Panhypopituitarism
      Posterior Pituitary Hormones
      Oxytocin
      Vasopressin
      Questions
      References
      21. Adrenal Function / Deepika S. Reddy
      Adrenal Gland: An Overview
      Embryology And Anatomy
      Adrenal Cortex By Zone
      Cortex Steroidogenesis
      Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
      Primary Aldosteronism
      Overview
      Etiology
      Diagnosis
      Treatment
      Isolated Hypoaldosteronism
      Adrenal Cortical Physiology
      Adrenal Insufficiency
      Overview
      Symptoms
      Diagnosis
      Treatment
      Hypercortisolism (Cushing's Syndrome)
      Overview
      Etiology
      Diagnosis
      Treatment
      Adrenal Androgens
      Androgen Excess
      Diagnosis
      Treatment
      Adrenal Medulla
      Embryology
      Biosynthesis, Storage, and Secretion of Catecholamines
      Metabolism and Excretion of Catecholamines
      Pheochromocytoma And Paraganglioma
      Overview
      Epidemiology
      Clinical Presentation
      Diagnosis
      Interfering medications
      Biochemical Testing
      Plasma-Free Metanephrines
      24-Hour Urine Fractionated Metanephrines and Catecholamines
      Normal Results
      Case Detection
      24-Hour Urine Fractionated Metanephrines and Catecholamines
      Plasma-Fractionated Metanephrines
      Radiographic Localization
      Treatment
      Outcome, Prognosis, and Follow-up
      Genetic Testing
      Adrenal Incidentaloma
      Case Studies
      Questions
      References
      22. Gonadal Function / Mahima Gulati
      Testes
      Functional Anatomy of the Male Reproductive Tract
      Physiology of the Testicles
      Disorders of Sexual Development and Testicular Hypofunction
      Diagnosis of Hypogonadism
      Testosterone Replacement Therapy
      Contents note continued: Monitoring Testosterone Replacement Therapy
      Ovaries
      Early Ovarian Development
      Functional Anatomy of the Ovaries
      Hormonal Production by the Ovaries
      Menstrual Cycle
      Hormonal Control of Ovulation
      Pubertal Development in the Female
      Precocious Sexual Development
      Menstrual Cycle Abnormalities
      Hirsutism
      Estrogen Replacement Therapy
      Questions
      References
      23. Thyroid Gland / Marissa Grotzke
      Thyroid
      Thyroid Anatomy and Development
      Thyroid Hormone Synthesis
      Protein Binding of Thyroid Hormone
      Control of Thyroid Function
      Actions of Thyroid Hormone
      Tests For Thyroid Function
      Blood Tests
      Other Tools For Thyroid Evaluation
      Nuclear Medicine Evaluation
      Thyroid Ultrasound
      Fine-Needle Aspiration
      Disorders Of The Thyroid
      Hypothyroidism
      Thyrotoxicosis
      Graves' Disease
      Toxic Adenoma and Multinodular Goiter
      Drug-Nduced Thyroid Dysfunction
      Amiodarone-Induced Thyroid Disease
      Subacute Thyroiditis
      Nonthyroidal Illness
      Thyroid Nodules
      Questions
      References
      24. Calcium Homeostasis and Hormonal Regulation / Dev Abraham
      Calcium Homeostasis
      Hormonal Regulation Of Calcium Metabolism
      Vitamin D
      Parathyroid Hormone
      Organ System Regulation Of Calcium Metabolism
      GI Regulation
      Role of Kidneys
      Bone Physiology
      Hypercalcemia
      Causes of Hypercalcemia
      Primary Hyperparathyroidism
      Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
      Hyperthyroidism
      Addison's Disease
      Milk Alkali Syndrome
      Medications That Cause Hypercalcemia
      Hypocalcemia
      Causes of Hypocalcemia
      Metabolic Bone Diseases
      Rickets and Osteomalacia
      Osteoporosis
      Secondary Hyperparathyroidism In Renal Failure
      Questions
      References
      25. Liver Function / Xin Xu
      Anatomy
      Gross Anatomy
      Microscopic Anatomy
      Biochemical Functions
      Excretory and Secretory
      Metabolism
      Detoxification and Drug Metabolism
      Liver Function Alterations During Disease
      Jaundice
      Cirrhosis
      Tumors
      Reye's Syndrome
      Drug- and Alcohol-Related Disorders
      Assessment Of Liver Function Liver Function Tests
      Bilirubin
      Methods
      Urobilinogen in Urine and Feces
      Serum Bile Acids
      Enzymes
      Tests Measuring Hepatic Synthetic Ability
      Tests Measuring Nitrogen Metabolism
      Hepatitis
      Questions
      References
      26. Laboratory Markers of Cardiac Damage and Function / Monte S. Willis
      Cardiac Ischemia, Angina, And Heart Attacks
      Pathophysiology Of Atherosclerosis, The Disease Process Underlying Mi
      Markers Of Cardiac Damage
      Initial Markers of Cardiac Damage
      Cardiac Troponins
      CK-MB and Troponin I/Troponin T Considerations in Kidney Disease Patients
      Other Markers of Cardiac Damage
      Cardiac Injury Occurs In Many Disease Processes, Beyond Mi
      Laboratory Workup Of Patients Suspected Of Heart Failure And The Use Of Cardiac Biomarkers In Heart Failure
      Use Of Natriuretic Peptides Andtroponins In The Diagnosis And Risk Stratification Of Heart Failure
      Cardiac Troponins
      Markers Of Chd Risk
      C-Reactive Protein
      Homocysteine
      Markers Of Pulmonary Embolism
      Use of D-Dimer Detection in PE
      Value of Assaying Troponin and BNP in Acute PE
      Summary
      Questions
      References
      27. Renal Function / Alan H. B. Wu
      Renal Anatomy
      Renal Physiology
      Glomerular Filtration
      Tubular Function
      Elimination of Nonprotein Nitrogen Compounds
      Water, Electrolyte, and Acid
      Base Homeostasis
      Endocrine Function
      Analytic Procedures
      Creatinine Clearance
      Estimated GFR
      Cystatin C
      β2-Microglobulin
      Myoglobin
      Albuminuria
      Neutrophil Gelatinase
      Associated Lipocalin
      NephroCheck
      Urinalysis
      Pathophysiology
      Glomerular Diseases
      Tubular Diseases
      Urinary Tract Infection Obstruction
      Renal Calculi
      Renal Failure
      Questions
      References
      28. Pancreatic Function and Gastrointestinal Function / Edward P. Fody
      Physiology Of Pancreatic Function
      Diseases Of The Pancreas
      Tests Of Pancreatic Function
      Secretin/CCK Test
      Fecal Fat Analysis
      Sweat Electrolyte Determinations
      Serum Enzymes
      Fecal Elastase
      Physiology And Biochemistry Of Gastric Secretion
      Clinical Aspects Of Gastric Analysis
      Tests Of Gastric Function
      Measuring Gastric Acid in Basal and Maximal Secretory Tests
      Measuring Gastric Acid
      Plasma Gastrin
      Intestinal Physiology
      Clinicopathologic Aspects Of Intestinal Function
      Tests Of Intestinal Function
      Lactose Tolerance Test
      D-Xylose Absorption Test
      D-Xylose Test
      Serum Carotenoids
      Other Tests of Intestinal Malabsorption
      Questions
      Suggested Reading
      References
      29. Body Fluid Analysis / Kyle B. Riding
      Cerebrospinal Fluid
      Serous Fluids
      Pleural Fluid
      Pericardial Fluid
      Peritoneal Fluid
      Amniotic Fluid
      Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
      Neural Tube Defects
      Fetal Lung Maturity
      Phosphatidylglycerol
      Lamellar Body Counts
      Sweat
      Synovial Fluid
      Questions
      References
      pt. four Specialty Areas of Clinical Chemistry
      30. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring / Takara L. Blamires
      Overview
      Routes Of Administration
      Drug Absorption
      Drug Distribution
      Free Versus Bound Drugs
      Drug Metabolism
      Drug Elimination
      Pharmacokinetics
      Specimen Collection
      Pharmacogenomics
      Cardioactive Drugs
      Digoxin
      Quinidine
      Procainamide
      Disopyramide
      Antibiotics
      Aminoglycosides
      Teicoplanin
      Vancomycin
      Antiepileptic Drugs
      Phenobarbital and Primidone
      Phenytoin and Fosphenytoin
      Valproic Acid
      Carbamazepine
      Ethosuximide
      Felbamate
      Gabapentin
      Lamotrigine
      Levetiracetam
      Oxcarbazepine
      Tiagabine
      Topiramate
      Zonisamide
      Psychoactive Drugs
      Lithium
      Tricyclic Antidepressants
      Clozapine
      Olanzapine
      Immunosuppressive Drugs
      Cydosporine
      Tacrolimus
      Sirolimus
      Mycophenolic Acid
      Antineoplastics
      Methotrexate
      Bronchodilators
      Theophylline
      Questions
      Suggested Readings
      References
      31. Toxicology / Takara L. Blamires
      Xenobiotics, Poisons, And Toxins
      Routes Of Exposure
      Dose
      Response Relationship
      Acute and Chronic Toxicity
      Analysis Of Toxic Agents
      Toxicology Of Specific Agents
      Alcohols
      Carbon Monoxide
      Caustic Agents
      Cyanide
      Metals and Metalloids
      Pesticides
      Toxicology Of Therapeutic Drugs
      Salicylates
      Acetaminophen
      Toxicology Of Drugs Of Abuse
      Amphetamines
      Anabolic Steroids
      Cannabinoids
      Cocaine
      Opiates
      Phencyclidine
      Sedatives-Hypnotics
      Questions
      References
      32. Circulating Tumor Markers: Basic Concepts and Clinical Applications / Monte S. Willis
      Types Of Tumor Markers
      Applications Of Tumor Marker Detection
      Screening and Susceptibility Testing
      Prognosis
      Monitoring Effectiveness of Therapy and Disease Recurrence
      Laboratory Considerations For Tumor Marker Measurement
      Immunoassays
      High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
      Immunohistochemistry and Immunofluorescence
      Enzyme Assays
      Frequently Orderedtumor Markers
      α-Fetoprotein
      Methodology
      Cancer Antigen 125
      Carcinoembryonic Antigen
      Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
      Prostate-Specific Antigen
      Future Directions
      Questions
      Suggested Reading
      References
      33. Nutrition Assessment / Maria G. Boosalis
      Nutrition Care Process: Overview
      Nutrition Assessment
      Biochemical Markers: Macronutrients
      Protein
      Fat
      Carbohydrate
      Biochemical Markers: Miscellaneous
      Parenteral Nutrition
      Electrolytes
      Urine Testing
      Organ Function
      Biochemical Markers: Micronutrients
      Vitamins
      Conditionally Essential Nutrients
      Minerals
      Trace Elements
      Questions
      References
      34. Clinical Chemistry and the Geriatric Patient / J. Marvin McBride
      Aging Of America
      Aging And Medical Science
      General Physiologic Changes With Aging
      Muscle
      Bone
      Gastrointestinal System
      Kidney Urinary System
      Immune System
      Endocrine System
      Sex Hormones
      Glucose Metabolism
      Effects Of Age On Laboratorytesting
      Muscle
      Bone
      Gastrointestinal System
      Urinary System
      Immune System
      Endocrine System
      Sex Hormones
      Glucose Metabolism
      Establishing Reference Intervals For The Elderly
      Preanalytical Variables Unique To Geriatric Patients
      Diseases Prevalent In The Elderly
      Age-Associated Changes In Drug Metabolism
      Absorption
      Distribution
      Metabolism
      Elimination
      Atypical Presentations Of Common Diseases
      Geriatric Syndromes
      Impact Of Exercise And Nutrition On Chemistry Results In The Elderly
      Questions
      References
      35. Clinical Chemistry and the Pediatric Patient / Michael J. Bennett
      Developmental Changes From Neonate To Adult
      Respiration and Circulation
      Growth
      Organ Development
      Problems of Prematurity and Immaturity
      Phlebotomy And Choice Of Instrumentation For Pediatric Samples
      Phlebotomy
      Preanalytic Concerns
      Choice of Analyzer
      Point-Of-Care Analysis In Pediatrics
      Regulation Of Blood Gases And Ph In Neonates And Infants
      Blood Gas and Acid
      Base Measurement
      Regulation Of Electrolytes And Water: Renal Function
      Disorders Affecting Electrolytes and Water Balance
      Development Of Liver Function
      Contents note continued: Physiologic Jaundice
      Energy Metabolism
      Diabetes
      Nitrogen Metabolism
      Nitrogenous End Products as Markers of Renal Function
      Liver Function Tests
      Calcium And Bone Metabolism In Pediatrics
      Hypocalcemia and Hypercalcemia
      Endocrine Function In Pediatrics
      Hormone Secretion
      Hypothalamic
      Pituitary
      Thyroid System
      Hypothalamic
      Pituitary
      Adrenal Cortex System
      Growth Factors
      Endocrine Control of Sexual Maturation
      Development Of The Immune System
      Basic Concepts of Immunity
      Components of the Immune System
      Neonatal and Infant Antibody Production
      Immunity Disorders
      Genetic Diseases
      Cystic Fibrosis
      Newborn Screening for Whole Populations
      Diagnosis of Metabolic Disease in the Clinical Setting
      Drug Metabolism And Pharmacokinetics
      Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
      Toxicologic Issues in Pediatric Clinical Chemistry
      Questions
      References.
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