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    Judicial review : principles and procedure / Jonathan Auburn, Jonathan Moffett, Andrew Sharland ; with a contribution by Marie Demetriou ; consultant editor, Richard McManus.

    • Title:Judicial review : principles and procedure / Jonathan Auburn, Jonathan Moffett, Andrew Sharland ; with a contribution by Marie Demetriou ; consultant editor, Richard McManus.
    •    
    • Author/Creator:Auburn, Jonathan.
    • Other Contributors/Collections:Moffett, Jonathan (Barrister)
      Sharland, Andrew.
      Demetriou, Marie.
      McManus, J. Richard.
    • Published/Created:Oxford, United Kingdom : Oxford University Press, 2013.
    • Holdings

       
    • Library of Congress Subjects:Judicial review of administrative acts--Great Britain.
      Judicial review--Great Britain.
    • Edition:First edition.
    • Description:cxxxvii, 912 pages ; 26 cm
    • Notes:Includes bibliographical references and index.
    • ISBN:9780199545094 (hbk.)
      019954509X (hbk.)
    • Contents:Machine generated contents note: I. Basis for and Scope of Judicial Review
      1. Legal and Theoretical Bases for Judicial Review
      A. Introduction
      B. Legal Basis for Judicial Review
      C. Theoretical Basis for Judicial Review
      2. Scope of Judicial Review
      A. Introduction
      B. Enactments, Decisions, Actions, and Failures to Act
      C. Exercise of a Public Function
      D. Judicial Review of Courts and Tribunals
      E. Territorial Scope of Judicial Review
      F. Challenges that are Unsuitable for Judicial Determination
      G. Statutory Exclusion or Restriction of Judicial Review
      II. Impact of ECHR and EU Law on Judicial Review
      3. Human Rights Act 1998 and Judicial Review
      A. Introduction
      B. Section 1: Convention Rights
      C. Section 2: Interpretation of Convention Rights
      D. Section 3: Interpretation of Legislation
      E. Section 4: Declarations of Incompatibility
      F. Section 5: Meaning of Public Authority
      G. Section 6: Duty Imposed on Public Authorities
      H. Other Provisions of the Human Rights Act 1998
      I. European Convention on Human Rights: Interpretation
      J. Territorial Application of the Convention
      K. Nature of Rights Protected by the European Convention on Human Rights
      L. Absolute Rights
      M. Limited Rights
      N. Qualified Rights
      O. Positive Obligations
      4. European Union Law and Judicial Review
      A. Introduction
      B. Substantive Grounds of Review under EU Law
      C. EU Law Remedies in Claims for Judicial Review
      D. References to the European Court of Justice
      III. Procedural Grounds of Challenge
      5. Procedural Fairness: General Principles
      A. Introduction
      B. Decisions Subject to the Duty to Act Fairly
      C. Duty to Act Fairly and Statutory Procedures
      D. Principal Requirements of Fairness
      E. Test for Breach of the Duty to Act Fairly
      F. Unfairness Caused Other Than by Decision-Maker
      G. Appeals from Unfair Decision-Making Processes
      H. Relevance of Prejudice
      I. Waiver
      J. Impact of the Human Rights Act 1998
      K. Closed Material Procedures
      6. Procedural Fairness: Specific Requirements
      A. Introduction
      B. Core Requirement of Fairness: An Effective Opportunity to Make Representations
      C. Notification That a Decision is to be Taken
      D. Notification of the Issues to be Considered
      E. Provision of the Evidence That is to be Considered
      F. Anonymous Allegations and Evidence
      G. Decision-Maker's Internal Communications
      H. Decision-Maker's Own Knowledge and Experience
      I. Notification of Provisional Views
      J. Failures to Submit Representations
      K. Oral Hearings
      L. Adjournments and Delaying Decision-Making Processes
      M. Legal Representation and Other Assistance at Oral Hearings
      N. Public Funding for Legal Representation and Other Assistance
      O. Calling and Questioning of Witnesses
      P. Fact-Finding and Problematic Categories of Evidence
      Q. Site Visits and Inspections
      R. Inappropriate Conduct by Decision-Maker at an Oral Hearing
      7. Consultation
      A. Introduction
      B. Circumstances in Which a Duty to Consult Arises
      C. Identifying Who Should be Consulted
      D. Content of the Duty to Consult
      E. Test for Breach
      F. Consequences of Flaws in or Absence of Consultation
      8. Bias, Predetermination, and Independence
      A. Introduction
      B. Actual Bias
      C. Presumed Bias
      D. Apparent Bias
      E. Predetermination and the Appearance of Predetermination
      F. Independence
      G. Exceptions
      H. Procedural Matters
      9. Delay on the Part of Public Bodies
      A. Introduction
      B. Statutory Time Limits for Acting
      C. General Duty to Act Within a Reasonable Time
      D. Decisions to Defer Acting
      E. Article 6 ECHR: The Right to a Hearing Within a Reasonable Time
      F. Remedies for Unlawful Delay
      G. Other Consequences of Delay
      10. Reasons
      A. Introduction
      B. Duty to Give Reasons
      C. Content of the Duty to Give Reasons
      D. Subsequent Evidence as to Reasons
      E. Consequences of Failing to Give Adequate Reasons
      IV. Substantive Grounds of Challenge
      11. Identifying Powers and Duties and Ascertaining Their Scope
      A. Introduction
      B. Identifying Powers and Duties
      C. Identifying the Scope of Statutory Powers and Duties
      D. Restrictions on the Scope of Prerogative and Common Law Powers
      12. Acting Outside the Scope of Powers and Duties
      A. Introduction
      B. Situations Where a Public Body Will Act Outside the Scope of its Powers or Duties
      C. Exception for Officers and Judges de facto
      D. No Power to Ratify Acts Outside the Scope of Powers or Duties
      E. Challenging Actions Outside the Scope of Powers or Duties
      13. Failing to Comply with Duties or to Exercise Powers
      A. Introduction
      B. Failure to Comply with Duties
      C. Failure to Consider Whether to Exercise Powers
      D. Fettering Powers
      E. Abdication of Powers
      F. Delegation of Functions
      G. Carltona Principle
      14. Relevant, Irrelevant, and Permissible Considerations
      A. Introduction
      B. Relevant Considerations
      C. Irrelevant Considerations
      D. Permissible Considerations
      E. Considerations in the Context of Prerogative and Common Law Powers
      F. Duty of Public Body Properly to Inform Itself of Considerations
      G. Consequences of Erroneous Approach to Considerations
      H. Weight to be Attached to Relevant and Permissible Considerations
      I. Particular Types of Consideration
      15. Public Sector Equality Duty
      A. Introduction
      B. Bodies and Functions Subject to the Public Sector Equality Duty
      C. Statutory Objectives
      D. Duty to Have Due Regard
      16. Unauthorized and Improper Purposes
      A. Introduction
      B. General Principles
      C. Identifying the Authorized Purpose for Which a Statutory Power is Conferred
      D. Identifying the Actual Purpose for Which a Power Has Been Exercised
      E. Power Exercised in a Way That Frustrates the Policy and Objects of the Legislation
      F. Prerogative and Common Law Powers
      17. Irrationality and Unreasonableness
      A. Introduction
      B. Test for Unreasonableness
      C. Varying Intensity of Review
      D. Examples of Unreasonableness: Unreasonable Outcome
      E. Examples of Unreasonableness: Flawed Reasoning
      F. Consequences of Unreasonableness
      18. Proportionality
      A. Introduction
      B. Proportionality Under the Common Law
      C. Proportionality Under the Human Rights Act 1998
      D. Proportionality Under EU Law
      19. Legitimate Expectation
      A. Introduction
      B. Categories of Legitimate Expectation
      C. Circumstances That May Give Rise to a Legitimate Expectation
      D. Factors Relevant to Determining Whether a Legitimate Expectation Has Arisen
      E. Rule Against Legitimate Expectations Requiring Unlawful Conduct
      F. Resiling From a Procedural Legitimate Expectation
      G. Resiling From a Substantive Legitimate Expectation
      H. Consequences of a Legitimate Expectation
      20. Errors of Fact
      A. Introduction
      B. Findings of Fact Unsupported by Any Evidence
      C. Mistake of Fact Giving Rise to Unfairness
      D. Precedent Fact
      E. Cases Involving Article 6 ECHR
      V. Judicial Review in Particular Contexts
      21. Policies, Guidance, and Non-Statutory Schemes
      A. Introduction
      B. Powers and Duties to Have Policies or Issue Guidance
      C. Content of Policies and Guidance
      D. Over-Rigid Policies and Guidance
      E. Interpretation of Policies and Guidance
      F. Application of Policies and Guidance
      G. Changes to Policies and Guidance
      H. Publication of Policies and Guidance
      I. Consequences of a Policy or Guidance Being Unlawful
      J. Non-Statutory Schemes
      22. Challenges to Legislation
      A. Introduction
      B. Acts of the United Kingdom Parliament
      C. Delegated Legislation
      D. Orders in Council Made Pursuant to the Royal Prerogative
      E. Legislation Made by or With the Authority of the Devolved Legislatures
      F. Immigration Rules
      G. Correction of Legislation
      VI. Procedure
      23. Claims for Which the Judicial Review Procedure Must or May be Used
      A. Introduction
      B. Procedural Exclusivity Rule
      C. Public Law Challenges That Must be Brought by Way of the Judicial Review Procedure
      D. Public Law Challenges That Must be Brought by Way of Ordinary Proceedings
      E. Public Law Challenges That May be Brought by Way of Ordinary Proceedings
      F. Public Law Challenges That Must be Brought by Way of a Specific Statutory Procedure
      G. Consequences of Using the Wrong Procedure
      H. Particular Types of Claim
      I. Defences Raising Collateral Public Law Challenges
      J. Challenges to Decisions to Commence or Continue Civil Proceedings or Criminal Prosecutions
      K. Claims for Judicial Review in the Upper Tribunal
      24. Parties
      A. Introduction
      B. Capacity to Bring a Claim for Judicial Review
      C. Sufficient Interest to Bring a Claim for Judicial Review Generally
      D. Sufficient Interest to Bring a Claim for Judicial Review Under the Human Rights Act 1998
      E. Claimants and Abuse of Process
      F. Defendants
      G. Interested Parties
      H. Interveners
      I. Other Participants
      25. Initial Stages
      A. Introduction
      B. Pre-Action Procedure
      C. Alternative Dispute Resolution
      D. Obtaining Information and Evidence Prior to Commencing Proceedings
      E. Bringing the Claim
      F. Responding to a Claim for Judicial Review
      G. Claimant's Reply
      Contents note continued: H. Amending Statements of Case
      I. Disclosure of Statements of Case to Non-Parties
      J. Urgent Cases
      K. Interim Remedies
      L. Judicial Review Procedure in the Upper Tribunal
      26. Permission Stage
      A. Introduction
      B. Criteria for Granting Permission
      C. Merits Test
      D. Prematurity
      E. Delay
      F. Availability of an Adequate Alternative Remedy
      G. Other Discretionary Grounds for Refusing Permission
      H. Consideration of the Application for Permission
      I. Decision on the Application for Permission
      J. Challenging the Grant of Permission
      K. Appeals at the Permission Stage
      L. Transfer Out of and Into the Administrative Court
      M. Permission Stage in the Upper Tribunal
      27. Substantive Stage
      A. Introduction
      B. Procedure Immediately Following the Grant of Permission
      C. Claims That Do Not Proceed to a Substantive Hearing
      D. Detailed Grounds and Evidence
      E. Duty of Candour
      F. Disclosure
      G. Amendments to Statements of Case after Permission is Granted
      H. Addition or Substitution of Parties
      I. Preparation for the Substantive Hearing
      J. Substantive Hearing
      K. Appeals Against Final Decisions
      L. Substantive Stage in the Upper Tribunal
      28. Costs
      A. Introduction
      B. Costs Where No Claim is Commenced
      C. Costs at the Permission Stage
      D. Costs Where a Claim is Discontinued, Withdrawn, or Settled Prior to the Substantive Hearing
      E. Costs of Claims Decided After a Substantive Hearing
      F. Bases on Which Costs May Be Awarded
      G. Assessing the Quantum of Costs: Summary and Detailed Assessment
      H. Costs Awards For and Against Publicly Funded Claimants
      I. Wasted Costs
      J. Costs Against Inferior Courts and Tribunals
      K. Protective Costs Orders
      L. Pro Bono Costs Orders
      M. Security for Costs
      N. Costs in the Upper Tribunal
      29. Interim Remedies
      A. Introduction
      B. Interim Injunctions
      C. Stays
      D. Interim Declarations
      E. Bail
      30. Final Remedies
      A. Introduction
      B. Declarations
      C. Quashing Orders
      D. Prohibiting Orders
      E. Mandatory Orders
      F. Final Injunctions
      G. Undertakings in Lieu of Coercive Remedies
      H. Contempt of Court
      I. Declarations of Incompatibility
      J. Effect of Decisions or Actions Held to be Unlawful
      31. Monetary Awards
      A. Introduction
      B. Claims for Damages Under the Human Rights Act 1998
      C. Claims for Damages in Respect of Breaches of EU Law
      D. Declarations, Mandatory Orders, and Injunctions Requiring the Payment of a Specified Sum
      E. Other Avenues to Financial Compensation
      32. Discretionary Refusal of Final Remedies
      A. Introduction
      B. Factors of General Relevance to the Discretionary Refusal of Final Remedies
      C. Prematurity
      D. Delay
      E. Detriment to Good Administration
      F. Hardship and Prejudice
      G. Adequate Alternative Remedies
      H. Claimant's Conduct
      I. Sufficient Interest
      J. Academic and Hypothetical Claims
      K. Unlawfulness Made No Difference.
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