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    International environmental law in a nutshell / by Lakshman D. Guruswamy with Mariah Zebrowski Leach.

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    • Title:International environmental law in a nutshell / by Lakshman D. Guruswamy with Mariah Zebrowski Leach.
    •    
    • Variant Title:International environmental law
    • Author/Creator:Guruswamy, Lakshman D., 1939-
    • Other Contributors/Collections:Zebrowski Leach, Mariah.
    • Published/Created:St. Paul, MN : Thomson/West, ©2012.

    • Holdings

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    • Library of Congress Subjects:Environmental law, International.
    • Edition:4th ed.
    • Description:liv, 716 p. : map ; 19 cm.
    • Series:Nutshell series.
    • Notes:Includes index.
    • ISBN:9780314268174 (pbk.)
      0314268170 (pbk.)
    • Contents:Machine generated contents note: A. Treaties
      1. Interpretation of Treaties
      2. Conflict With Other Treaties
      B. Custom
      C. General Principles of Law
      D. Judicial Decisions
      E. Other Sources of Law
      F. Voluntary Agreements
      A. 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment
      B. 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
      C. 1983 World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Commission)
      D. 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Earth Summit)
      E. 2000 United Nations Millennium Declaration
      F. 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD)
      A. Layered Meaning of Implementation and Compliance
      B. Institutions and Organizations
      1. Global Organizations
      2. Regional Organizations
      3. Specific Treaty Organizations
      4. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
      C. Non-Legal Norms
      D. Compliance Mechanisms Within Treaties
      1. Interpretation: The Example of the Montreal Protocol
      2. Research
      3. Data Collection and Dissemination
      4. Assessments and Reviews
      5. Rule-Making by Experts
      6. Management by International Organizations
      7. Enforcement
      E. Diplomatic Avenues
      F. Judicial Remedies
      1. Jurisdiction
      2. Accountability for Transboundary Environmental Harms
      a. Application of State Responsibility (SR)
      i. Fault Liability
      ii. Strict and Absolute Liability
      iii. Attribution, Reparation, Causation, and Exhaustion of Local Remedies
      iv. Trail Smelter Arbitration
      b. International Liability (IL)
      c. Civil Liability (CL)
      i. Treaty Overlay
      ii. Civil Liability (CL) Litigation
      d. Conclusions on Accountability for Transboundary Environmental Harms
      G. Institutional Concerns
      H. Relation Between IEL and Domestic Law
      1. Treaties and U.S. Domestic Law
      2. Custom and U.S. Domestic Law
      A. Nature of Population Growth
      B. Decreasing Resources
      C. Environmental Threats
      D. Theories on Population Growth
      1. Malthusian Apocalypse Theory
      2. Neo-Malthusian, Economic Transition, and Redistributional Theories
      E. Legal Response
      1. 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (Population Conference)
      2. 2005 World Summit
      A. Nature of the Problem
      B. Environmental Impacts
      C. Causes
      D. Remedial Objectives
      E. Legal Response
      1. Convention on Biological Diversity (Biodiversity Convention)
      a. Equity and Resource Transfers
      i. Common Concern of Humankind
      ii. Access to Genetic Resources
      iii. Biotechnology
      iv. Financial Transfers
      b. Sustainable Development (SD)
      i. Commitments of All Parties (Including Developing Countries)
      ii. Commitments of Industrialized Countries
      c. Institutions
      d. Relationship to Other Agreements
      2. International Instruments Addressing Habitat Destruction
      a. 1972 UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention)
      b. 1971 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention)
      i. Conservation
      ii. Wise Use
      iii. Consultations
      c. 1979 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn Convention)
      3. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
      a. Advance Informed Agreement (AIA)
      b. Biosafety Clearing-House
      c. Precautionary Approach
      d. Compliance
      e. Relationship to Other Agreements
      4. 1973 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (Cites)
      a. Commitments
      b. Continued Trade in Listed Species
      c. Relationship to Other Agreements
      5. Regional Treaties and Agreements Related to Biodiversity
      A. Atmospheric Facts
      B. Increasing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions
      C. Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions and Climate Change
      D. Extent and Consequences of Climate Change
      1. IPCC Scenarios
      2. Rising Temperatures
      3. Changes in Precipitation and Water Stress
      4. Sea Level Rise and Ice Melt
      E. Legal Response
      F. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
      1. History and Overview
      2. Remedial Objectives
      3. Comprehensive Approach
      4. Commitments
      a. All Parties (Industrialized and Developing Countries)
      b. Annex I Parties (OECD and Former Eastern Bloc Parties)
      5. Institutions and Implementation
      a. Conference of the Parties (COP)
      b. Secretariat
      c. Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA)
      d. Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI)
      e. Financial Mechanism
      6. Technology Transfers and Financing
      G. Kyoto Protocol
      1. History and Overview
      2. Negotiating the New Kyoto: Outstanding Issues
      a. Beyond Mitigation
      b. Focusing on Adaptation
      c. Remedying Fossil Fuel Reliance
      d. Addressing Oil
      e. Integrating Sustainable Development (SD)
      f. Including Developing Countries
      g. Inclusive Convention
      3. Negotiating Path
      a. COP-13/MOP-3 and the Bali Road-map and Action Plan
      b. COP-14/MOP-4
      c. COP-15/MOP-5 and the Copenhagen Accord
      d. COP-16/MOP-6 and the Cancun Agreements
      A. Nature of the Problem
      B. Causes of the Problem
      C. Environmental Impacts
      D. Remedial Objectives
      E. Legal Response
      1. Vienna Ozone Convention
      2. Montreal Protocol
      3. Adjustments and Amendments
      4. Transfers
      5. Trade Restrictions
      6. Technological and Financial Assistance
      F. Impact of the Regime
      A. Geophysical Sketch
      B. Scientific and Archeological Importance
      C. Economic Concerns
      D. Environmental Issues
      E. Geopolitical Significance
      F. Legal Response
      1. Overview
      2. 1959 Antarctic Treaty
      3. 1972 Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (1972 Seals Convention)
      4. 1980 Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
      5. 1988 Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities (CRAMRA)
      6. 1991 Antarctic Environment Protocol
      a. Annex I: Environmental Impact Assessment
      b. Annex II: Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora
      c. Annex III: Waste Disposal and Management
      d. Annex IV: Prevention of Marine Pollution
      e. Annex V: Area Protection and Management
      f. Annex VI: Liabilities Arising From Environmental Emergencies
      7. Conclusions
      A. Nature of the Problem
      B. Defining the Elements
      C. Sources
      D. Environmental Pathways and Impacts
      1. Pathways
      2. Impacts
      a. Ecosystem Effects
      b. Human Health Hazards
      E. Remedial Objectives
      F. Legal Response
      1. Toxic and Hazardous Substances in General
      2. Prior Informed Consent (PIC)
      a. FAO International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides (FAO Code and 2002 FAO Code)
      b. 1987 UNEP London Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in International Trade (London Guidelines)
      c. Code of Ethics on the International Trade in Chemicals (Code of Ethics)
      d. UNECE Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention)
      e. Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (Rotterdam Convention)
      3. Hazardous Wastes and Their Movement
      a. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (Basel Convention)
      i. Ban Amendment
      ii. Environmentally Sound Management
      iii. Transboundary Movement
      b. Convention on the Ban of Imports Into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes Within Africa (Bamako Convention)
      c. International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea (HNS Convention)
      4. Elimination and Reductions at Source
      5. Other Regional Agreements
      A. Nature of the Problem
      B. Sources and Environmental Impacts
      C. Remedial Objectives
      D. Legal Response
      1. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
      2. Montreal Guidelines for the Protection of the Marine Environment Against Pollution From Land-Based Sources (Montreal Guidelines)
      3. Global Program of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment From Land-Based Activities and the Washington Declaration on Protection of the Marine Environment From Land-Based Activities
      4. Regional Treaties
      A. Nature of the Problem
      B. Impacts of Oil Pollution
      1. Environmental Impacts
      a. Harm Caused by the Physical Properties of Oil
      b. Harm Caused by the Toxic Properties of Oil
      2. Financial Impacts
      C. Vessel-Based Oil Pollution
      1. Causes of Vessel-Based Oil Pollution
      2. Remedial Objectives
      3. Legal Response
      a. Operational Pollution
      i. 1973/1978 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)
      ii. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNC-LOS)
      b. Accidental Pollution
      i. 1969 International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties (1969 Intervention Convention)
      ii. 1990 International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation (OPRC)
      iii. 2000 Protocol on Preparedness, Response and Cooperation for Pollution Incidents by Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS Protocol)
      Contents note continued: iv. 2003 Protocol on Civil Liability and Compensation for Damage Caused by the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents on Transboundary Waters
      c. Noise Pollution
      d. Pollution from Trade Vessels
      e. State Responsibility (SR)
      f. Civil Liability (CL)
      i. 1969 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (1969 CLC)
      ii. 1971 International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (Fund Convention)
      iii. International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage (Bunker Convention)
      D. Pollution Caused by Offshore Installations
      1. About Offshore Oil Production
      2. Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
      3. Environmental Impacts of Rigs and Platforms
      4. Legal Response
      a. Operational Pollution
      i. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
      ii. 1972 Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (1972 London Convention)
      iii. 1973/1978 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MAR-POL)
      b. Accidental Pollution
      i. 1990 International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation (OPRC)
      c. Liability
      A. Nature of the Problem
      B. Sources and Environmental Impacts
      C. Remedial Objectives
      D. Legal Response
      1. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
      2. 1972 Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (1972 London Convention)
      3. 1996 Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (London Protocol)
      4. Regional Treaties
      A. Nature of the Problem
      B. Sources and Impacts
      1. Bioversity Decline Caused by Over-Exploitation of Fish Stocks
      2. Exploitation of Marine Mammals
      3. Ecological Damage Resulting From Human Pollutants
      4. Effect of Development and Soil Erosion on Estuarine and Coastal Habitats
      C. Remedial Objectives
      D. Legal Response
      1. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
      a. Overview
      b. Jurisdiction Zones
      i. Territorial Sea
      ii. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
      iii. Continental Shelf
      iv. High Seas
      c. Species Approach
      i. Straddling Stocks
      ii. Highly Migratory Species
      iii. Marine Mammals
      iv. Special Case of Seals
      v. Anadromous Species
      vi. Catadromous Species
      vii. Dispute Settlement Under UNCLOS-The Bluefin Tuna Case
      d. Future of UNCLOS
      2. UNEP Regional Seas Programme
      3. International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW)
      A. Nature of the Problem
      B. Sources and Environmental Impacts
      C. Remedial Objectives
      D. Legal Response
      1. Custom
      2. Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP)
      a. Overview
      b. Sulfur Emissions
      c. Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
      d. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
      e. More Comprehensive Approach to Pollution Control: The Gothenburg Protocol
      3. United States-Canada
      4. United States-Mexico
      A. Nature of the Problem
      B. Sources of Environmental Harm
      C. Environmental Impacts
      D. Remedial Objectives
      E. Legal Response
      1. Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses (Convention on International Watercourses)
      a. Communication: Notification, Consultation, and Negotiation
      b. Equitable Utilization
      c. Obligation Not to Cause Transboundary Harm
      d. Further Protections
      e. Question of Groundwater
      2. Regional and Bilateral Agreements
      a. 1992 ECE Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (ECE Convention)
      b. Rhine
      c. United States-Canada
      d. United States-Mexico
      A. Nature of the Problem
      B. Impacts of Desertification
      C. Causes of Desertification
      D. Remedial Objectives
      E. Legal Response
      1. Regional Implementation Annexes (RIAs)
      2. Commitments
      a. Developing Countries
      b. Industrialized Countries
      c. Implementation
      A. Nature of the Problem
      1. Use and Testing of Nuclear Weapons
      2. Civilian Nuclear Energy
      3. Nuclear Waste
      B. Remedial Objectives
      C. Legal Response
      1. Use and Testing of Nuclear Weapons
      a. Treaty Overlay
      b. Nuclear Testing
      c. Nuclear Materials
      i. Decommissioning Nuclear Submarines
      ii. Cooperative Exchanges
      d. Customary Law
      i. Nuclear Testing
      ii. Nuclear Test Cases (Round One)
      iii. Interim Measures
      iv. Jurisdiction
      v. Nuclear Test Cases (Round Two)
      vi. Use of Nuclear Weapons
      2. Civilian Nuclear Energy
      a. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Standards
      b. 1994 Convention on Nuclear Safety
      c. 1986 IAEA Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident (Notification Convention)
      d. 1986 IAEA Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency (Assistance Convention)
      e. Liability
      i. State Responsibility (SR)
      ii. Civil Liability (CL)
      iii. 1960 Paris Convention on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy (Paris Nuclear Liability Convention)
      iv. 1983 IAEA Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (Vienna Nuclear Liability Convention)
      f. Fusion Energy
      A. Challenge of Sustainable Energy
      1. Increasing Global Energy Consumption
      2. Environmental Consequences of Fossil Fuel Reliance
      3. End of Easy Oil
      4. Research and Development of Renewable Energy
      B. Foundational and Systemic Norms
      1. Sustainable Development (SD)
      2. Common Law of Humankind
      C. Primary Rules and Principles
      1. Principles
      2. Rules
      3. Embryonic Rules and Principles
      4. Clash of Primary Obligations
      D. Secondary Rules and State Responsibility (SR)
      E. Actors in IEL.
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