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    Trial advocacy in a nutshell / by Paul Bergman.

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    • Title:Trial advocacy in a nutshell / by Paul Bergman.
    •    
    • Author/Creator:Bergman, Paul, 1943-
    • Published/Created:St. Paul, MN : West, ©2013.

    • Holdings

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    • Library of Congress Subjects:Trial practice--United States--Outlines, syllabi, etc.
    • Edition:5th ed.
    • Description:xx, 631 p. ; 19 cm.
    • Series:Nutshell series.
    • Notes:Includes index.
    • ISBN:9780314284396
      0314284397
    • Contents:Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 Approach to Trial Advocacy
      A. Argument-Centered Narratives
      B. Trial by Inference
      C. Trial Skills in an Age of Settlement and Alternative Dispute Resolution
      D. Truth and the Adversary System
      E. Civility
      pt. 1 STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPING ARGUMENT-CENTERED NARRATIVES
      ch. 2 Persuasive Legal Narratives
      A. Why Stories Are Effective
      B. Timelines
      C. Attributes of Argument-Centered Narratives
      1. Substantively Critical Events
      2. Inferential Evidence
      3. Credibility Evidence
      4. Explanatory Evidence
      5. Contextual Details
      6. Emotional Evidence
      7. Visual Aids
      8. Defense Stories
      D. Conclusion
      ch. 3 Inferential Arguments
      A. Definition of Inferential Arguments
      B. Factual Propositions
      C. Marshal Evidence Around Factual Propositions
      D. Undermine Adversaries' Inferential Arguments
      E. Normative Inferential Arguments
      ch. 4 Credibility Arguments
      A. Importance of Credibility Arguments
      B. Focus on Important Disputes
      C. Credibility Model
      D. "Story" Credibility Factors
      1. Consistency With Everyday Experience
      2. Internal Consistency
      3. Consistency With Established Facts
      E. Source Credibility Factors
      1. In General
      2. Specific vs. General Credibility Evidence
      3. Lying or Mistaken?
      4. Expertise
      5. Motive or Bias
      6. Reason to Observe or Recall
      7. Demeanor
      8. Character for Honesty
      F. Case Example: The Hillmon Case
      ch. 5 Silent Arguments
      pt. 2 COURTROOM PRESENTATION STRATEGIES
      ch. 6 Opening Statements
      A. Contents of Effective Opening Statements
      1. Roadmap to Roadmaps
      2. Argument-Centered Stories
      3. Themes
      4. Bottom Lines
      5. Substantive Rules
      B. Effective Presentation Strategies
      1. Level of Detail
      2. Separate Chronologies
      3. Don't Talk Like a Lawyer (or Like How You Think Lawyers Talk)
      4. Effective Performance Techniques
      5. Visual Aids
      6. "The Evidence Will Show
      7. Opening Statement Boilerplate
      C. Follow the Rules
      1. Argument
      2. Inadmissible or Unavailable Evidence
      3. Evidence Solely Within an Adversary's Control
      4. Vouching
      5. Prima Facie Cases
      D. Common Judgment Calls
      1. Volunteering Weaknesses
      2. Defense Opening Statements
      3. Bench Trials
      E. Opening Statement Example 1
      F. Opening Statement Example 2
      ch. 7 Direct Examination
      A. Overview
      B. Follow the Rules
      1. Witness Competency
      2. Personal Knowledge
      3. Do Not Testify
      4. Housekeeping Rules
      a. Well
      b. Sitting and Standing
      c. Converse in the Triangular
      C. Forms of Questions
      1. Open Questions
      2. Closed Questions
      3. Narrative Questions
      4. Leading Questions
      a. Leading Questions Defined
      b. Legitimate Uses of Leading Questions
      c. Leading Questions and Credibility
      D. Getting Started
      1. Background Questions
      2. Scene-Setting Questions
      E. Argument-Centered Stories
      1. Importance of Argument-Centered Direct Examinations
      2. Atypical Chronologies
      F. Emphasis Techniques
      1. Front Load Important Events
      2. Layered Questioning
      3. "No, No, No" Technique
      4. Points of Reference ("Loops")
      5. Bases of Conclusions and Opinions
      6. Exhibits
      7. Verbalizing Gestures
      8. Silent Arguments
      G. Concluding Direct Examinations
      H. Redirect Examination
      I. Sample Direct Examinations
      J. Common Judgment Points
      K. Witness Preparation Strategies
      L. Final Tips
      ch. 8 Cross Examination
      A. Mystique of Cross Examination
      B. Follow the Rules
      1. Stay Within the Scope of the Direct
      2. Avoid Argumentative Questions
      3. Base Questions on a "Good-Faith Belief
      4. Comply With the "Collateral Evidence Rule"
      5. Quote Testimony Accurately
      C. Essential Questioning Strategies
      1. Rely on Leading Questions
      2. Ask Single-Item Questions
      3. Don't Ask "Why"
      4. Avoid the "One Question Too Many"
      5. Avoid Asking Questions You Do Not Know the Answer To
      D. Cross Examination Safety Model
      1. Highly Safe Questions
      a. Witness' Provable Prior Statement
      b. Consistency With Established Facts
      2. Medium Safe Questions
      a. Consistency With Everyday Experience
      b. Assumed Testimony of an Unavailable Witness
      3. Unsafe Questions ("Fishing")
      E. Argument-Centered Questioning
      F. Impeachment With Prior Inconsistent Statements
      1. Evidentiary Rules
      2. Impeachment Options
      3. "I Don't Remember" Testimony
      4. Effective Impeachment Strategies
      5. Omissions Impeachment
      G. Character Evidence Impeachment
      H. Impeachment
      -Other Bases
      1. Bias
      2. Contradiction
      3. Testimonial Impairment
      I. Emphasis Strategies
      1. "No, No, No"
      2. Ultimate Conclusion Questions
      J. Selective Use of Open Questions
      K. Order of Questioning
      L. Forgoing Cross Examination
      M. Responding to Evasive Answers
      1. Repeat the Question
      2. "I Didn't Ask X, I Asked Y"
      3. Move to Strike and Repeat a Question
      4. Judge's Instruction to Answer
      5. Avoid Arguing With Witnesses
      6. "May" and "Might"
      N. Responding to Explanations
      1. Refuse Requests to Explain
      2. Ignore and Repeat
      3. Interrupt an Explanation
      4. Move to Strike
      5. Implausible Explanations
      6. Pre-Instructing Witnesses
      7. "Closing the Door"
      O. "Cross" Examination?
      P. "Your Story" Cross Examination
      Q. Preparing Witnesses for Cross Examination
      R. Protecting Your Witnesses
      1. "Objection, argumentative"
      2. "Objection, counsel is not allowing the witness to finish answering"
      3. "Objection, counsel is badgering (harassing) the witness"
      4. "Objection, counsel is misstating the evidence (misquoting the witness)"
      5. "Objection, asked and answered"
      6. "Objection, beyond the scope of direct"
      7. "Objection, assumes facts not in evidence"
      ch. 9 Satisfying Foundational Requirements for Non-Tangible Evidence
      A. Inter-Personal Communications
      B. Recollection Refreshed
      C. Lay Witness Opinions
      1. Two Prongs for Admissibility
      2. Inebriation
      3. Character for Truth-Telling
      D. Habit
      E. Mercy Rule Evidence
      F. Non-Character Uses of Other Acts
      G. Character Evidence in Sexual Assault Cases
      H. Courtroom Demonstrations
      I. Hearsay Statements
      1. Opposing Party Statements
      2. Present Sense Impressions
      3. Excited Utterances
      4. Medical Hearsay
      5. Unavailability
      6. Dying Declarations
      7. Forfeiture by Wrongdoing
      ch. 10 Satisfying Foundational Requirements for Tangible Evidence
      A. Real vs. Demonstrative Exhibits
      B. Benefits of Exhibits
      C. Follow the Rules
      1. Mark Exhibits
      2. Authenticate Exhibits
      3. Satisfy Foundational Requirements
      4. Leave Admitted Exhibits in the Courtroom
      5. "Publish" Exhibits
      6. Handle Exhibits Effectively
      D. Foundations for Common Tangible Exhibits
      1. Real Evidence
      2. Chain of Custody Questions
      3. Photographs
      4. Diagrams
      5. Original Writing (Nee Best Evidence) Rule
      a. Original Writings
      b. Duplicates
      c. Original Writing Excused: Contents Not in Issue
      d. Original Writing Excused: The Original Is Lost
      e. Original Writing Excused: The Original Was Innocently Destroyed
      6. Authenticating Signed or Handwritten Documents
      7. Business Records
      8. Public Records
      9. Computer Records
      10. Faxed Writings
      11. Texts and Tweets
      12. Recorded Recollection
      13. Live Exhibitions
      14. Professionally-Prepared Exhibits
      ch. 11 Expert Witnesses
      A. Experts' Varied Roles
      B. Follow the Rules
      1. Personal Knowledge
      2. Otherwise-Inadmissible Evidence
      3. Compensation
      4. Relaxed Testimonial Rules
      5. Reliability of a Field of Expertise
      6. Experts' Qualifications
      7. Hypothetical Questions
      8. Ultimate Issues
      C. Direct Examination Strategies
      1. Background Testimony (Establishing an Expert's Qualifications)
      2. Explain the Field
      3. Eliciting Opinions
      D. Cross Examination Strategies
      ch. 12 Closing Argument
      A. Follow the Rules
      1. Facts Outside the Record
      2. Draw Reasonable Inferences
      3. Puffing
      4. Voucher Rule
      5. "Send a Message" Arguments
      6. Miscellaneous Forbidden Arguments
      B. Argument Strategies
      C. Effective Oral Presentation Techniques
      D. Content of Persuasive Closing Arguments
      1. Introductory Remarks
      2. Organization
      3. Consider an "Evidence Review"
      4. Presenting Inferential Arguments
      5. Presenting Credibility Arguments
      a. Lying or Mistaken?
      b. "Falsus in Uno, Falsus in Omnibus"
      c. Arguments Supporting Credibility
      6. Undermining Silent Arguments
      7. Normative and "Pseudo-Normative" Arguments
      8. Bottom Line
      E. Additional Argument Strategies
      1. Two-Sided Arguments
      2. Analogies
      a. Developing Analogies
      b. Responding to an Adversary's Analogy
      3. Legal Principles
      a. Burden of Proof
      b. Other Jury Instructions
      F. Arguments in Bench Trials
      G. Argument Excerpts: People vs. O. J. Simpson (1995) and Citizens of Athens vs. Euphiletus (circa 400-380 b.c.)
      1. Introductory Remarks
      2. Roadmaps
      3. Adversary's Failure to Offer Promised Evidence
      Contents note continued: 4. Use of Visual Aids
      5. Puffing
      6. Silent Arguments
      7. Analogies
      8. Responding to an Adversary's Analogy
      9. Credibility Argument: Falsus in Uno, Falsus in Omnibus
      10. Inoculation
      11. Inferential Arguments
      12. Two-Sided Arguments
      13. Preemption
      14. Result
      15. Send a Message Arguments
      16. Pseudo-Normative Argument
      H. Argument Analysis: To Kill a Mockingbird
      ch. 13 Odds and Ends
      A. Excluding (Sequestering) Witnesses
      B. Stipulations
      C. Making Objections
      1. Motions in Limine
      2. Tactical and Ethical Considerations
      3. Objections Procedures
      4. Continuing Objections
      5. Offers of Proof
      6. Beyond Objections
      7. Common Grounds for Objection
      D. Responding to an Adversary's Objections
      1. You Concede the Point
      2. Arguing Objections
      3. Offering Evidence for Limited Purposes
      4. Adversary's Objection Is Overruled
      5. Adversary's Objection Is Sustained
      E. Judge or Jury Trial?
      F. Jury Voir Dire
      G. Jury Instructions
      H. Subpoenas
      I. Packing for Trial
      J. Miscellaneous Customs and Practices
      1. Sitting and Standing
      2. Promptness
      3. Approaching the Bench
      4. Converse in the Triangular
      5. Observe Courthouse Etiquette
      6. Handling Client Distractions
      7. Note-Taking
      K. Tricks Hall of Fame.
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