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Actionable misrepresentation
Spencer Bower & Handley actionable misrepresentation / by The Honourable K.R. Handley AO OStJ QC BA, LLB, LLD (Honoris Causa).
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Title:[Actionable misrepresentation]
Spencer Bower & Handley actionable misrepresentation / by The Honourable K.R. Handley AO OStJ QC BA, LLB, LLD (Honoris Causa).
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Author/Creator:Handley, K. R., author.
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Other Contributors/Collections:Spencer Bower, George, 1854-1928. Actionable misrepresentation.
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Published/Created:London : LexisNexis, [2014]
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Holdings
Holdings Record Display
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Location:LAW LIBRARY (level 3)Where is this?
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Call Number: KD1963 .S64 2014
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Number of Items:1
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Status:c.1 On loan - Due on 04-22-2024
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Location:LAW LIBRARY (level 3)Where is this?
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Library of Congress Subjects:Fraud--Great Britain.
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Medical Subjects: Fraud
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Edition:Fifth edition.
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Description:xcii, 340 pages ; 26 cm
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Summary:This is an authoritative and comprehensive book on the limitations imposed by the doctrine of Res Judicata. First published in the 1920s, this frequently cited work ensures readers understand how the doctrine of Res Judicata is enforced and also how it does not apply. It gives essential information on what constitutes a Res Judicata decision, how judicial decisions apply in rem and in personam, in taxation and rating cases, in criminal cases (autrefois acquit), in matrimonial cases, in prima facie cases of estoppel and in merger judgments. the text is fully supported by extensive footnotes and appropriate cases to demonstrate each point.
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Notes:Revised edition of: Spencer Bower, George, 1854-1928. Actionable misrepresentation. London : Butterworths, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
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ISBN:9781405782845 (hardback)
1405782846 (hardback)
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Contents:Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 Introduction
Scope
Excluded topics
Misrepresentation and mistake
Misrepresentation and non-disclosure
Estoppel and criminal responsibility
Topics included
Misrepresentations to persons other than the claimant
Principles summarised
Elements of the cause of action or affirmative defence
ch. 2 Representation
Introduction
constituent elements
Communication between two persons
Relation to matter of fact
Statements of intention, or otherwise relating to the future
Statements of the representor's intention
Statements part representation and part promise
Promises
Representation distinguished from promise
Representation repeated as promise
Statement of a third person's intention
Expressions of expectation, hope etc
Statements of opinion, belief or information
Representations of representor's opinion, belief or knowledge
Statement of a third person's state of mind
Representations as to matters of information or opinion
Fact represented as opinion or information
Pleadings
Distinction between representations of law and fact
Statements of mixed law and fact
Inferences of law from known facts
Fraudulent statements of law
Statements about documents
Statements about contents of document
Statements of the effect of a document
Statements as to nature of document
Exaggeration, puffing etc
ch. 3 How a representation may be made
Express representations
Implied and inferred representations
Representations implied from conduct
Bribery
Other implied representations
Misrepresentations to lead underwriter
Implied representations to surety
ch. 4 Misrepresentation
Falsity in fact
Onus of proof
Substantial falsity essential
Error in unimportant details
Falsity must go to the fact represented
Inconsistency is not falsity
When falsity must exist
Continuing representations
Supervening events
Meanings relevant for different issues
Representation prima facie has its natural meaning
Ambiguous representations
Deliberate ambiguity
Falsity by omission or silence
Omission of essential qualifying facts
Silence in conjunction with something previously said or done
Necessity to speak arising from statement by another
Duty to mention unusual features in well-known transaction
Except as above, silence is not a representation
Statements to be read together
Questions of law and fact
ch. 5 Fraudulent and innocent misrepresentation
Fraud as distinguished from mere falsity
Absence of honest belief renders misrepresentation fraudulent
State of mind of representor
Intention and motive of representor
When non-belief must exist
Representor's duty when he discovers statement was false
Representor's duty when statement becomes false
Innocent misrepresentation
Absence of reasonable grounds compatible with innocence
Gross negligence not fraud
Irrational belief not fraud
Forgetfulness will not support charge of fraud
Negligent representation may nevertheless support an action for damages
ch. 6 Inducement and materiality
Actual inducement necessary
Two aspects of inducement
Intention insufficient if actual inducement not shown
Intention to induce also necessary
Representation may be spent
Intention may be inferred
Representation where no obligation to speak the truth
Other inducing causes irrelevant
Speculation as to effect of truth or silence not permitted
Complex representations
Representee must establish meaning
Materiality
Inducement and materiality separate questions
natural result must be to induce the representee
Where there are no special circumstances
Is materiality a separate element in a cause of action for deceit?
Materiality and innocent misrepresentation
Special circumstances
Burden of proof
All the circumstances to be considered
ch. 7 Change of position and damage
Relevant transactions
Actionable damage
Burden of proof: questions of law and fact
ch. 8 Parties: the representor
Passing on representation of another
Vicarious liability
Actual authority of agent
Ratification
Company directors
Co-agents and sub agents
Forgery by agent
Principal cannot profit from fraud of agent
Fraud by corporation
Corporations: share subscriptions
Divided responsibility
Divided responsibility: large organisations
Agent committing fraud on principal
Fraudulent agent jointly and severally liable with principal
Damages for innocent misrepresentation
liability of agent
Liability of a principal for an agent's negligent misrepresentations
Burden of proof and questions of fact and law
ch. 9 Parties: the representee
Direct representees and their principals
Indirect representees
Class to whom representation is addressed
`Stock Exchange' misrepresentations
Burden of proof
Questions of law and fact
ch. 10 When misrepresentation actionable
Introduction
Damages for innocent and negligent misrepresentation
Rescission for innocent misrepresentation
Compensation in specific performance cases
Misrepresentation of authority
Performance of ministerial duty at request of another
ch. 11 action for deceit
Parties
Standard of proof
Defences in actions for deceit
Representee's knowledge of the truth
Knowledge of agent
No duty on representee to enquire
Exclusion clauses
Avoidance of contract
Lord Tenterden's Act
Requirement for personal signature
Illegality
Statutory defence for issuers of traded securities
Contributory negligence
Contribution
Winding-up of corporation
Release
Limitation of liability
ch. 12 Damages for deceit
tort measure
Unliquidated damages
Principles of assessment: general
One-sided account
Two-sided account
Contingent liability as damage
How value determined
When value determined
Smith New Court
Loss due to supervening cause
Whether loss from inducement or transaction
Reduction due to supervening cause
Loss of profits
Causation and hypothetical transactions
Loss of chance
Other recoverable consequential losses
Exemplary damages
Some miscellaneous principles
Minors
Effect of contract on damages
Concurrent claims by companies and individuals
Unrealised benefits
Equitable compensation
ch. 13 action for damages for innocent misrepresentation
Categories of misrepresentation
Representee must be party to contract
Defence of reasonable belief
Contributory negligence
Lord Tenterden's Act
Exemption clause
Measure of damages
Damages in lieu of rescission
ch. 14 Rescission for fraud
Rescission for misrepresentation act of party not court
Contracts induced by misrepresentation are voidable, not void
Representee has power of election
Representee not bound to elect unless confronted with choice
election is final
Election
Knowledge of the facts
Independent grounds for rescission
Actual election to affirm
Actual election to rescind
Communication of election
Election to affirm
estoppel
Imputed election to affirm
Kammins
Peyman v Lanjani
Imputed election
unequivocal conduct
Imputed election not based on estoppel
Exceptions to general rule that election must be communicated
ch. 15 Rescission for innocent misrepresentation
Rescission for innocent misrepresentation under MA 1967
Executory contracts
Executed contracts
Damages in lieu of rescission
Effect of assignment
Damages in lieu of rescission: quantum
Whether rescission or subsisting right to rescind necessary
ch. 16 Action to enforce rescission
Rescission at law and in equity
Rectification as alternative to rescission
Rescission must be total
Rescission by guarantors
Enforcing rescission
Action to enforce rescission
Contents of order
Restitution
Tracing
Stock-in-trade and livestock
Specific property
Rescinding party not bound to maintain property
Improvements and depreciation
Services
Money had and received
Company cases
Sales by order of the court
Repossession of goods
Misrepresentation and marriage
Persons entitled to enforce rescission
persons liable to proceedings to enforce rescission
Assignments of choses in action
Negotiable instruments
Tangible movables
Interests in land or personal property
Rescission against party other than representor
Rescission against original party other than representor
ch. 17 Rescission
affirmative defences
Representee's knowledge of the truth
Illegality
Agreement excluding power of rescission
Affirmation
Rescission unjust to representor or third parties
Liquidation of company
Delay
MA 1967
ch. 18 Misrepresentation as defence
Specific performance
Specific performance granted to representor subject to compensation
Specific performance at suit of representee
Election before suit not required
Where contract void
Impersonation
Plea of non est factum
Misrepresentation as to exemption and other clauses
Where defence of rescission available against assignee
Fraud as invalidating cause independent of reliance
Contents note continued: Fraudulent insurance claims
Principle not extended
Fraud subsequent to contract
Claims for apportionment or contribution
ch. 19 Statutory provisions for misrepresentation
Prospectuses
Misrepresentations in company prospectuses
persons to whom the action is given
persons liable
What must be alleged and proved by a claimant
Affirmative defences
Affirmative defence of reasonable belief in truth
Affirmative defences for statements by others
Affirmative defence: knowledge of the truth
Statutory remedy
Certification of share transfers
Sales by auction
Sale of Land by Auction Act 1867
Sale of Goods Act 1979
Auctions (Bidding Agreements) Act 1927 and Auctions (Bidding Agreements) Act 1969
Land Registration Act 2002
Partnership Act 1890
ch. 20 Misrepresentations actionable by third parties
English judgments procured by fraud
Innocent misrepresentation
English judgments in rem
Domestic decrees in divorce
Remedy to be sought by action
Fraud by corporation
Fresh facts sufficient without proof of diligence
Slip rule not available for fraud
Consent judgment may be set aside for misrepresentation
Foreign judgments procured by fraud
Foreign judgments in rem
Setting aside awards
Misrepresentation to public authorities
What must be proved
Principles now of limited importance
Passing off
Patents
Representations to Parliament
Compulsory purchase orders procured by fraud
Fraudulent misrepresentations to third party
Negligent misrepresentation to third party
Fraud as element in other torts
Secret profits obtained by misrepresentation to third parties
Misrepresentations which disentitle representor to relief against third party
Payments by third party to discharge debt
ch. 21 Pleading and practice
Action to be tried as a test action
Proceedings commenced under alternative procedure
Arbitration
Anti set-off clauses
ch. 22 Negligent misrepresentation
Control mechanism: special relationship
Tests for special relationship
Inconsistent duty excludes special relationship
Reliance must be reasonable
Control mechanism: voluntary assumption of responsibility
Control mechanism: relationship equivalent to contract
Parties negotiating for contract or in contractual relationship
Disclaimer
Control mechanism that failed: Evatt and the requirement of special skill
rejection of Evatt
control mechanism that proved unnecessary: financial interest of adviser
Control mechanism: special access to information
Control mechanism: statements on social or casual occasions
Control mechanism: impromptu answers
Remote representees
Duty to indirect representees: valuers and others
No general duty to indirect representees
No duty to remote representees
Control mechanism: purpose and intention of representor
Statutory duty to provide information
Control mechanism: duty to closed class
Reeman
Critique of Reeman
Public authorities: policy statements
Official action as representation
Duty of care in exercising discretionary powers
Negligent misrepresentation in exercising statutory powers
Misfeasance in public office
Critique of Welton
Liability of planning authorities under Hedley Byrne
No distinction between information, advice, forecasts and threats
Nature of duty
No new duties of disclosure
Reliance causing economic loss to third party
Liability of barristers for negligent advice
Immunity of witness.