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• Title:Modern trial advocacy : Canada / adapted for Canada by Cynthia Tape, Lenczner Slaght Royce Smith Griffin LLP, Toronto, Ontario, Julie Rosenthal, Goodmans LLP, Toronto, Ontario ; based on the original work by Steven Lubet, Edna B. and Ednyfed H. Williams Memorial Professor of Law, Director, Fred Bartlit Center for Trial Advocacy, Northwestern University, Pritzker School of Law, Chicago, Illinois.
  
•    
• Variant Title: Analysis & practice
  
• Author/Creator:Lubet, Steven, author.
  
• Other Contributors/Collections:Tape, Cynthia, author.
  Rosenthal, Julie, author.
  
• Published/Created:Boulder, CO : National Institute for Trial Advocacy, [2019]
  

• Holdings

  Holdings Record Display

  • Location: c.1  Temporarily shelved at LAW LIBRARY reference room (level 2)Where is this?
    
  • Call Number: KE8422 .L83 2019
    
  • Number of Items:1
    
  • Status:Available
    

   
• Library of Congress Subjects:Trial practice--Canada.
  
• Edition:Fourth edition.
  
• Description:xxxiii, 450 pages ; 26 cm
  
• Notes:"Canadian Fourth Edition"--Cover.
  Includes bibliographical references and index.
  
• ISBN:9781601568274 paperback
  1601568274 paperback
  9781601568281 electronic book
  
• Contents:Machine generated contents note: 1.1. Idea of a Persuasive Story
  1.1.1. Trials as Stories
  1.1.2. Planning a Sample Story
  1.2. Ethics of Persuasive Storytelling
  1.2.1. Assuming that You "Know" the Truth
  1.2.2. Assuming that You Do Not Know the Truth
  1.2.3. Special Case of the Criminal Law
  1.3. Preparing a Persuasive Trial Story
  1.3.1. Developing Your Theory and Your Theme
  1.3.1.1. Theory
  1.3.1.2. Theme
  1.3.1.3. Frame
  1.3.2. Planning Your Final Argument
  1.3.3. Planning Your Case-in-Chief
  1.3.3.1. Consider Your Potential Witnesses and Exhibits
  1.3.3.2. Evaluate Each Witness Individually
  1.3.3.3. Decide Which Witness to Call
  1.3.4. Planning Your Cross-Examinations
  1.3.5. Reevaluating Everything that You Have Done
  1.4. Conclusion
  2.1. Advocacy Tools
  2.1.1. Organization
  2.1.1.1. Primacy and Recency
  2.1.1.2. Sequencing
  2.1.1.3. Contrast and Apposition
  2.1.1.4. Repetition and Duration
  2.1.2. Content
  2.1.2.1. Details
  2.1.2.2. Reflection
  2.1.2.3. Evocation
  2.1.2.4. Visual Aids
  2.1.2.5. Headlines and Transitions
  2.2. Demeanour
  2.2.1. Integrity
  2.2.2. Confidence
  2.2.3. Consideration
  2.3. Witness Preparation
  3.1. Script Theory
  3.2. How Script Theory Works
  3.2.1. Harmonization
  3.2.2. Gaps
  3.2.3. Inferences
  3.2.3.1. Coherence Inference
  3.2.3.2. Causation Inference
  3.2.3.3. Goal Inference
  3.3. What Script Theory Does Not Do
  3.3.1. Overcoming Scripts
  3.3.2. Active and Passive Processing
  3.4. Variables
  3.4.1. Rapport
  3.4.2. Reporting Bias
  3.4.3. Knowledge Bias
  3.4.4. Fluency
  3.4.5. Sleeper Effect
  3.4.6. Forewarning
  3.4.7. Deception
  4.1. Role of Examination-in-Chief
  4.1.1. Introduce Undisputed Facts
  4.1.2. Enhance the Likelihood of Disputed Facts
  4.1.3. Lay Foundations for the Introduction of Exhibits
  4.1.4. Reflect upon the Credibility of Witnesses
  4.1.5. Hold the Attention of the Trier of Fact
  4.2. Law of Examination-in-Chief
  4.2.1. Competence of Witnesses
  4.2.2. Nonleading Questions
  4.2.3. Narratives
  4.2.4. Nonopinion Rule
  4.2.5. Refreshing Recollection
  4.3. Planning Examinations-in-Chief
  4.3.1. Content
  4.3.1.1. What to Include
  4.3.1.2. What to Exclude
  4.3.2. Organization and Structure
  4.3.2.1. Start Strong and End Strong: The Overall Examination
  4.3.2.2. Start Strong and End Strong: The Subexaminations
  4.3.2.3. Use Topical Organization
  4.3.2.4. Do Not Interrupt the Action
  4.3.2.5. Give Separate Attention to the Details
  4.3.2.6. Try Not to Scatter Circumstantial Evidence
  4.3.2.7. Defensive Examination-in-Chief
  4.3.2.8. Affirmation before Refutation
  4.3.2.9. Get to the Point
  4.3.2.10. End with a Clincher
  4.3.2.11. Ignore Any Rule When Necessary
  4.4. Questioning Technique
  4.4.1. Use Short, Open Questions
  4.4.2. Use Directive and Transitional Questions
  4.4.3. Reinitiate Primacy
  4.4.3.1. Ask General Headlines Questions
  4.4.3.2. Explain Where You Are Going
  4.4.4. Ask Incremental Questions
  4.4.5. Reflect Time, Distance, Intensity
  4.4.6. Repeat Important Points
  4.4.7. Use Visual Aids
  4.4.8. Avoid Negative, Lawyerly, and Complex Questions
  4.5. Adverse and Hostile Witnesses
  4.5.1. Hostile Witnesses
  4.5.2. Adverse Witnesses
  4.5.3. Strategy
  4.6. Ethics of Examination-in-Chief
  4.6.1. Preparation of Witnesses
  4.6.2. Offering Inadmissible Evidence
  4.6.3. Disclosing Perjury
  5.1. Role of Cross-Examination
  5.2. Law of Cross-Examination
  5.2.1. Leading Questions Permitted
  5.2.2. Limitations on Scope
  5.2.3. Other Restrictions
  5.3. Content of Cross-Examination
  5.3.1. Consider the Purposes of Cross-Examination
  5.3.2. Arrive at the "Usable Universe" of Cross-Examination
  5.3.2.1. Entire Universe
  5.3.2.2. Usable Universe
  5.3.3. Risk-Averse Preparation
  5.4. Organization of Cross-Examination
  5.4.1. Organizing Principles
  5.4.2. Guidelines for Organization
  5.4.2.1. Do Not Worry About Starting Strong
  5.4.2.2. Use Topical Organization
  5.4.2.3. Give the Details First
  5.4.2.4. Scatter the Circumstantial Evidence
  5.4.2.5. Save a Zinger for the End
  5.4.3. Classic Format for Cross-Examination
  5.4.3.1. Friendly Information
  5.4.3.2. Affirmative Information
  5.4.3.3. Incontrovertible Information
  5.4.3.4. Challenging Information
  5.4.3.5. Hostile Information
  5.4.3.6. Zinger
  5.5. Questioning Technique
  5.5.1. Planning for Control
  5.5.1.1. Avoid Written Questions
  5.5.1.2. Using an Outline
  5.5.1.3. "Referencing" Your Outline
  5.5.2. Questions that Achieve Control
  5.5.2.1. Use Incremental Questions
  5.5.2.2. Use Sequenced Questions for Impact
  5.5.2.3. Use Sequenced Questions for Indirection
  5.5.2.4. Use Sequenced Questions for Commitment
  5.5.2.5. Create a Conceptual Corral
  5.5.2.6. Avoid Ultimate Questions
  5.5.2.7. Listen to the Witness and Insist on an Answer
  5.5.3. Questions that Lose Control
  5.5.3.1. Nonleading Questions
  5.5.3.2. "Why" or Explanation Questions
  5.5.3.3. "Fishing" Questions
  5.5.3.4. Long Questions
  5.5.3.5. "Gap" Questions
  5.5.3.6. "You Testified" Questions
  5.5.3.7. Characterizations and Conclusions
  5.5.4. Reasserting Control
  5.5.4.1. Refusal to Agree
  5.5.4.1.1. Determine Why the Witness Has Refused to Agree
  5.5.4.1.2. Retreat to Constituent Facts
  5.5.4.2. Invited Explanation
  5.5.4.2.1. Determine Why the Witness Explained
  5.5.4.2.2. Reasserting Control, Part One
  5.5.4.2.3. Reasserting Control, Part Two
  5.5.4.3. Impermissible Lack of Cooperation
  5.5.4.3.1. Obtaining Help from the Judge
  5.5.4.3.2. Reasserting Control by Yourself
  5.6. Ethics of Cross-Examination
  5.6.1. Basis for Questioning
  5.6.1.1. Factual Basis
  5.6.1.2. Legal Basis
  5.6.2. Assertions of Personal Knowledge
  5.6.3. Derogatory Questions
  5.6.4. Discrediting a Truthful Witness
  5.6.5. Misusing Evidence
  6.1. Introduction
  6.1.1. Categories of Impeachment
  6.1.2. Perfection of Impeachment
  6.1.3. Tactical Considerations
  6.1.3.1. Impeach the Witness Only on Significant Matters
  6.1.3.2. Impeach the Witness Only on True Inconsistencies
  6.1.3.3. Impeach the Witness Only When Success Is Likely
  6.1.3.4. Do Not Impeach Favourable Information
  6.1.3.5. Consider the Impact of Multiple Impeachment
  6.1.3.6. Consider the Entire Statement
  6.1.3.7. Consider Refreshing the Witness's Recollection
  6.1.4. Evidentiary Considerations
  6.2. Prior Inconsistent Statements
  6.2.1. Process of Impeachment
  6.2.1.1. Recommit the Witness
  6.2.1.2. Validate the Prior Statement
  6.2.1.2.1. Basic Validation of Written Statements
  6.2.1.2.2. Accreditation of Prior Statements
  6.2.1.3. Confront the Witness with the Prior Statement
  6.2.1.4. Special Cases
  6.2.1.4.1. Denying Witness
  6.2.1.4.2. Lying Witness
  6.2.1.5. Timing of Impeachment
  6.2.2. Ethical Concerns
  6.3. Other Prior Inconsistencies
  6.3.1. Impeachment by Omission or Silence
  6.3.1.1. Opportunity
  6.3.1.2. Duty
  6.3.1.3. Natural Inclination
  6.3.2. Prior Inconsistent Actions
  6.4. Character and "Characteristic" Impeachment
  6.4.1. Previous Convictions
  6.4.2. Past Untruthfulness and Other Bad Acts
  6.4.3. Impaired Perception or Recollection
  6.4.3.1. Impaired Perception
  6.4.3.2. Impaired Recollection
  6.5. "Case Data" Impeachment
  6.5.1. Personal Interest
  6.5.2. Motive
  6.5.3. Bias or Prejudice
  7.1. Purpose of Re-examination
  7.2. Law and Procedure
  7.2.1. Scope
  7.2.2. Rules of Evidence and Procedure
  7.2.3. Recalling a Witness
  7.3. Planned Re-Examination
  7.4. Foregoing Re-Examination
  7.5. Conducting Re-Examination
  7.5.1. Explanations
  7.5.2. Rehabilitation
  7.5.2.1. Technique
  7.5.2.2. Prior Consistent Statements
  8.1. Introduction
  8.2. Standards for Expert Testimony
  8.2.1. Threshold Admissibility
  8.2.2. Scope of Opinion
  8.2.3. Bases for Opinion
  8.3. Expert's Overview
  8.4. Offering Expert Testimony
  8.4.1. Introduction and Foreshadowing
  8.4.2. Qualification
  8.4.2.1. Technical Requirements
  8.4.2.2. Persuasive Qualification
  8.4.2.3. Tender of the Witness
  8.4.3. Opinion and Theory
  8.4.3.1. Statement of Opinion
  8.4.3.2. Statement of Theory
  8.4.4. Explanation and Support
  8.4.4.1. Data
  8.4.4.2. Assumptions
  8.4.5. Theory Differentiation
  8.4.6. Conclusion
  8.5. Persuasive Techniques for Examination-in-Chief
  8.5.1. Humanize the Witness
  8.5.2. Use Plain Language
  8.5.3. Avoid Narratives
  8.5.4. Use Examples and Analogies
  8.5.5. Use Visual Aids
  8.5.6. Use Internal Summaries
  8.5.7. Use the Concept of Consensus
  8.5.8. Use Leading Questions When Called For
  8.5.9. Encourage Powerful Language
  8.5.10. Use Enumeration
  8.5.11. Consider Inoculation
  8.5.12. Do Not Stretch the Witness's Expertise
  8.6. Cross-Examination of Expert Witnesses
  8.6.1. Challenge the Witness's Credentials
  8.6.1.1. Voir Dire on Credentials
  8.6.1.2. Cross-Examination on Credentials
  Contents note continued: 8.6.1.2.1. Limit the Scope of the Witness's Expertise
  8.6.1.2.2. Stress Missing Credentials
  8.6.1.2.3. Contrast Your Expert's Credentials
  8.6.2. Obtain Favourable Information
  8.6.2.1. Affirm Your Own Expert
  8.6.2.2. Elicit Areas of Agreement
  8.6.2.3. Criticize the Opposing Party's Conduct
  8.6.3. Use of Learned Treatises
  8.6.4. Challenge the Witness's Impartiality
  8.6.4.1. Fees
  8.6.4.2. Relationship with Party or Counsel
  8.6.4.3. Positional Bias
  8.6.4.4. Preparation for Cross-Examination on Bias
  8.6.5. Point Out Omissions
  8.6.6. Substitute Information
  8.6.6.1. Change Assumptions
  8.6.6.2. Vary the Facts
  8.6.6.3. Degree of Certainty
  8.6.6.4. Dependence on Other Testimony
  8.6.6.5. Using Opposing Witnesses to Corroborate Your Own
  8.6.7. Challenge Technique or Theory
  8.7. Ethics of Expert Examination
  8.7.1. Fees
  8.7.2. Influencing Testimony
  9.1. Making the Record
  9.2. Objections
  9.2.1. Purpose and Function
  9.2.1.1. Use of Objections at Trial
  9.2.1.2. Use of Objections before Trial
  9.2.1.3. Preservation of the Record on Appeal
  9.2.2. Decision to Object
  9.2.2.1. Process of Decision Making
  9.2.2.2. Reasons Not to Object
  9.2.2.2.1. Jurors' Reactions
  9.2.2.2.2. Judge's Reaction
  9.2.2.2.3. Opponent's Reaction
  9.2.2.3. Deciding to Object
  9.2.2.3.1. Accommodating Harmful Evidence
  9.2.2.3.2. Eventual Admissibility
  9.2.2.4. Planning
  9.2.3. Making and Meeting Objections
  9.2.3.1. Making an Objection
  9.2.3.1.1. Repeated Objections
  9.2.3.1.2. Timing
  9.2.3.2. Responding to Objections
  9.2.3.2.1. Specific Responses
  9.2.3.2.2. Limited Admissibility
  9.2.3.2.3. Conditional Offers
  9.2.3.2.4. Anticipating Objections
  9.2.3.2.5. Judicious Nonresponses
  9.2.4. Arguing Objections
  9.2.4.1. How
  9.2.5. Once the Judge Has Ruled
  9.2.5.1. Objection Overruled
  9.2.5.1.1. Proponent's Job
  9.2.5.1.2. Opponent's Job
  9.2.5.2. Objection Sustained
  9.2.5.2.1. Proponent's Job
  9.2.5.2.2. Opponent's Job
  9.2.5.3. Evidence Admitted for a Limited Purpose
  9.2.5.4. Theory Reevaluation
  9.3. Ethics and Objections
  9.3.1. Asking Objectionable Questions
  9.3.2. Making Questionable Objections
  9.3.3. Making "Tactical" Objections
  9.4. Short List of Common Objections
  9.4.1. Objections to the Form of the Question (or Answer)
  9.4.1.1. Leading Question
  9.4.1.2. Compound Question
  9.4.1.3. Vague Question
  9.4.1.4. Argumentative Question
  9.4.1.5. Repetitive
  9.4.1.6. Assuming Facts Not in Evidence
  9.4.2. Substantive Objections
  9.4.2.1. Hearsay
  9.4.2.2. Irrelevant
  9.4.2.3. Unfair Prejudice
  9.4.2.4. Character Evidence, Generally
  9.4.2.5. Character Evidence, Conviction of an Offence
  9.4.2.6. Character Evidence, Untruthfulness
  9.4.2.7. Character Evidence, Reputation
  9.4.2.8. Lack of Personal Knowledge
  9.4.2.9. Improper Lay Opinion
  9.4.2.10. Speculation or Conjecture
  9.4.2.11. Authenticity
  9.4.2.12. Lack of Foundation
  9.4.2.13. Best Evidence
  9.4.2.14. Privilege
  9.4.2.15. Settlement Offers and Without-Prejudice Communications
  9.4.2.16. Apologies
  10.1. Evidentiary Foundations
  10.1.1. Requirement of Foundation
  10.1.2. Components of Foundation
  10.1.2.1. Relevance
  10.1.2.2. Authenticity
  10.1.2.3. Specific Admissibility
  10.1.3. Establishing Foundations
  10.1.3.1. Using a Single Witness
  10.1.3.2. Using Multiple Witnesses
  10.1.3.3. Conditional Admissibility
  10.1.3.4. Using Adverse Witnesses
  10.1.3.5. Cross-Examination
  10.2. Foundations for Testimonial Evidence
  10.2.1. Personal Knowledge
  10.2.2. Special Foundations for Certain Testimonial Evidence
  10.2.2.1. Conversations
  10.2.2.2. Telephone Conversations and Voice Identification
  10.2.2.3. Prior Identification
  10.2.2.4. Habit and Routine
  10.2.2.5. Character and Reputation
  10.2.3. Foundations for Hearsay Statements
  10.2.3.1. Party Admissions
  10.2.3.2. Present Sense Impression
  10.2.3.3. Excited Utterance
  10.2.3.4. State of Mind
  10.2.3.5. Physical Condition or Sensation
  10.2.3.6. Dying Declaration
  10.3. Exhibits
  10.3.1. Role of Exhibits
  10.3.2. Types of Exhibits
  10.3.2.1. Real Evidence
  10.3.2.2. Demonstrative Evidence
  10.3.2.3. Documentary Evidence
  10.3.3. Pretrial Procedures for the Admission of Exhibits
  10.3.3.1. Pretrial Conferences and Orders
  10.3.3.2. Agreed Documents
  10.3.3.3. Discovery Foundations
  10.3.3.4. Requests to Admit
  10.3.4. Offering Exhibits at Trial
  10.3.4.1. Mark the Exhibit for Identification
  10.3.4.2. Identify the Exhibit for Opposing Counsel
  10.3.4.3. Examine the Witness on the Foundation for the Exhibit
  10.3.4.4. Offer the Exhibit into Evidence
  10.3.4.5. Publish and Use the Exhibit
  10.4. Foundations for Real and Demonstrative Evidence
  10.4.1. Real Evidence/Tangible Objects
  10.4.1.1. Recognition of the Exhibit
  10.4.1.2. Chain of Custody
  10.4.2. Photography and Other Recording Devices
  10.4.2.1. Still Photographs
  10.4.2.2. Motion Pictures and Videos
  10.4.2.3. Audio Recordings
  10.4.2.4. Medical Imaging
  10.4.3. Demonstrative Evidence
  10.4.3.1. Admissible Demonstrative Evidence
  10.4.3.2. Illustrative Aids
  10.5. Foundations for Documents
  10.5.1. Authentication
  10.5.1.1. Handwriting and Signature
  10.5.1.2. Circumstantial Evidence of Authorship or Origin
  10.5.1.3. Mailing or Delivery
  10.5.1.4. Faxes and Emails
  10.5.1.5. Website Postings
  10.5.2. Original Writing ("Best Evidence") Rule
  10.5.3. Foundations for Hearsay Exception
  10.5.3.1. Business Records
  10.5.3.2. Computer Records and Printouts
  10.5.3.3. Summaries
  10.5.3.4. Recorded Recollection
  10.5.3.5. Public Records
  10.5.3.6. Absence of Public Record or Entry
  10.5.3.7. Previous Testimony
  10.5.3.8. Party Admissions
  10.6. Persuasive Use of Exhibits
  10.6.1. Persuasive Foundations
  10.6.1.1. Minimalism
  10.6.1.2. Maximalism
  10.6.1.3. Magic Words
  10.6.2. Creative Exhibits
  10.6.2.1. Looking for Exhibits
  10.6.2.2. Developing Exhibits
  10.6.2.3. Presenting Exhibits
  11.1. Introduction
  11.2. Benefits of Using Technology in the Courtroom
  11.2.1. Efficiency
  11.2.1.1. Electronic Visuals
  11.2.1.2. Electronic Trials
  11.2.2. Access to Justice
  11.2.2.1. Improved Public Access to Proceedings
  11.2.2.2. Improved Access for Persons with Special Needs
  11.2.3. Enhanced Presentation and Ease of Use
  11.2.4. Enhanced Impact of Evidence
  11.2.5. Assistance to Judges in Writing a Decision
  11.2.6. Improved Accuracy of the Court Record
  11.3. Issues to Overcome
  11.3.1. Reluctance of Lawyers and the Court
  11.3.2. Risk of Unfair Advantage
  11.3.3. Technical Problems
  11.3.4. Costs
  11.4. Forms of Electronic Visuals
  11.4.1. Lists
  11.4.2. Documents
  11.4.3. Photographs
  11.4.4. Graphs and Charts
  11.4.5. Radiology Images
  11.4.6. Video
  11.5. Strategic Considerations
  11.5.1. Opening Statements
  11.5.2. Witness Examination
  11.5.3. Impeachment
  11.5.4. Closing Argument
  11.5.5. Do Not Overdo It
  11.6. Setting Up an Electronic Trial
  11.6.1. Pretrial Meeting of Counsel
  11.6.2. Contacting the Court
  11.6.3. Dry Run and Set Up
  12.1. Role of the Opening Statement in Bench Trials
  12.2. Role of the Opening Statement in Jury Trials
  12.2.1. Opening Moment
  12.2.2. Legal Function
  12.2.3. Advocacy
  12.2.4. Story Arc
  12.3. Law of Opening Statements
  12.3.1. Rule Against Argument
  12.3.1.1. Defining the Rule
  12.3.1.2. Guidelines
  12.3.1.3. Other Considerations
  12.3.2. Comments on the Law
  12.3.3. Persuasion
  12.4. Structure and Elements
  12.4.1. Communicate Your Theory
  12.4.2. Communicate Your Theme
  12.4.3. Use Primacy
  12.4.4. Use Issues
  12.4.5. Use the Evidence, Do Not Just Display It
  12.4.5.1. Problem with Natural Organization
  12.4.5.1.1. Avoid Witness Summaries
  12.4.5.1.2. Be Wary of Chronology
  12.4.5.2. Using Details Persuasively
  12.5. Content
  12.5.1. True and Provable
  12.5.1.1. Your Central Evidence
  12.5.1.2. Questionable Evidence
  12.5.2. Operative Facts
  12.5.2.1. Action and Key Events
  12.5.2.2. Physical Scene
  12.5.2.3. Transactions and Agreements
  12.5.2.4. Business Context
  12.5.2.5. Relationship of the Parties
  12.5.2.6. Motives and Motivations
  12.5.2.7. Amount of Damages
  12.5.3. Opposing Case
  12.5.3.1. Plaintiff's Opening
  12.5.3.2. Defendant's Opening
  12.5.4. Bad Facts and Disclaimers
  12.5.5. Legal Issues
  12.5.6. Introductions
  12.5.7. Request for Verdict
  12.5.8. Bromides and Platitudes
  12.6. Delivery and Technique
  12.6.1. Do Not Read
  12.6.2. Use Simple Language and Straightforward Presentation
  12.6.3. Use Movement for Emphasis and Transition
  12.6.4. Visuals and Exhibits
  12.7. Additional Considerations
  12.7.1. Motions and Objections
  12.7.1.1. Common Objections
  12.7.1.2. Responding to Objections
  12.7.1.3. Motions and Curative Instructions
  Contents note continued: 12.7.2. Timing
  12.7.2.1. When to Open
  12.7.2.2. Multiple Parties
  13.1. Role and Function of the Final Argument
  13.1.1. Whole Story
  13.1.2. Use of Theory and Theme
  13.1.2.1. Theory
  13.1.2.1.1. Logical
  13.1.2.1.2. Believable
  13.1.2.1.3. Legally Sufficient
  13.1.2.2. Theme
  13.1.2.3. Story Arc
  13.1.3. What Makes It Argument
  13.1.3.1. Conclusions
  13.1.3.2. Inferences
  13.1.3.3. Details and Circumstantial Evidence
  13.1.3.4. Analogies, Allusions, and Stories
  13.1.3.5. Credibility and Motive
  13.1.3.6. Weight of the Evidence
  13.1.3.7. Demeanour
  13.1.3.8. Refutation
  13.1.3.9. Application of Law
  13.1.3.10. Moral Appeal
  13.2. Format
  13.2.1. Plaintiff's Argument
  13.2.2. Defendant's Argument
  13.2.3. Variations
  13.2.4. Format in Jury Trials
  13.3. Structure
  13.3.1. Topical Organization
  13.3.1.1. Issues
  13.3.1.2. Elements
  13.3.1.3. Turning Points
  13.3.1.4. Alternative Structures
  13.3.2. Other Organizational Tools
  13.3.2.1. Start Strong and End Strong
  13.3.2.2. Affirmative Case First
  13.3.2.3. Cluster Circumstantial Evidence and Accumulate Details
  13.3.2.4. Bury Your Concessions
  13.3.2.5. Weave in Witness Credibility
  13.3.2.6. Damages
  13.4. Content
  13.4.1. Tell a Persuasive Story
  13.4.1.1. Known Facts-What Happened
  13.4.1.2. Reasons-Why Did It Happen
  13.4.1.3. Credible Witnesses-Who Should Be Believed
  13.4.1.4. Supportive Details-How Can We Be Sure
  13.4.1.5. Common Sense-Is It Plausible
  13.4.2. Tie Up Cross-Examinations
  13.4.3. Comment on Promises
  13.4.4. Resolve Problems and Weaknesses
  13.4.5. Discuss Damages
  13.4.6. Questions for the Jury
  13.4.7. Introductions and Thanks
  13.5. Delivery and Technique
  13.5.1. Do Not Read or Memorize
  13.5.2. Movement
  13.5.3. Verbal Pacing
  13.5.4. Emotion
  13.5.5. Visuals
  13.5.6. Headlines
  13.5.7. Simple, Active Language
  13.6. Ethics and Objections
  13.6.1. Impermissible Argument
  13.6.1.1. Statements of Personal Belief
  13.6.1.2. Appeals to Prejudice or Bigotry
  13.6.1.3. Misstating the Evidence
  13.6.1.4. Misstating the Law
  13.6.1.5. Misusing Evidence
  13.6.1.6. Appeals to the Jurors' Personal Interests
  13.6.1.7. Appeals to Emotion, Sympathy, and Passion
  13.6.1.8. Comments on Privilege
  13.6.2. Protocol of Objections
  13.6.2.1. Making Objections
  13.6.2.2. Responding to Objections
  13.6.2.3. Cautionary Instructions
  13.7. Trials by Judge Alone
  14.1. Introduction
  14.2. Mechanics of Jury Selection
  14.2.1. Terminology
  14.2.2. Questioning of Prospective Jurors
  14.2.3. Stereotypes and Generalizations
  14.2.4. Juror Profiles.