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    Copyright and human rights.
    Intellectual property law and human rights / edited by Paul L.C. Torremans.

    • Title:[Copyright and human rights.]
      Intellectual property law and human rights / edited by Paul L.C. Torremans.
    •    
    • Other Contributors/Collections:Torremans, Paul, editor.
    • Published/Created:Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands : Kluwer Law International, [2015]
    • Holdings

       
    • Library of Congress Subjects:Copyright--Congresses.
      Human rights--Congresses.
      Freedom of speech--Congresses.
      Freedom of expression--Congresses.
      Intellectual property--Congresses.
      Privacy, Right of--Congresses.
    • Genre/Form:Conference papers and proceedings.
    • Edition:Third edition.
    • Description:xxx, 929 pages ; 25 cm
    • Series:Information law series ; 34.
    • Summary:Human rights issues arise more and more often in an intellectual property context. ' Intellectual property and human rights' is the first comprehensive analysis of this emerging nexus of legal issues. In twenty-one incisive essays, well-known authorities in both intellectual property law and human rights law present in-depth analysis and discussion of such essential topics as the following: The human rights credentials of copyright and other intellectual property rights; The relations between copyright and freedom of speech and of expression, from the perspectives of both North American and European law; The relevance to copyright of the public interest defence in European law; The way trade marks and human rights interfere; The human rights and morality aspects of biotechnological patents and stem cell patents; The interaction between human rights and geographical indications; and The fundamental rights of privacy in an intellectual property environment. In the years to come, more and more lawyers will be confronted with issues involving the interaction of intellectual property and human rights. As a groundbreaking work ' Intellectual property and human rights' will be seen as a cornerstone of the debate. Practitioners, academics and policymakers in both fields will immediately recognize its value as a springboard to the informed future development of this new and crucial area of legal theory and practice.
    • Notes:The first edition of this book (original title, "Copyright and human rights : freedom of expression, intellectual privacy" consisted of papers from a conference held at Canada House in London. The current edition consists of updated and revised papers from the conference and additional papers.
      Includes bibliographical references and index.
    • ISBN:9789041158369 hardcover ; alkaline paper
      9041158367 hardcover ; alkaline paper
    • Contents:Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 How Intellectual Property and Human Rights: Can Live Together: An Updated Perspective
      1.1. Introduction / Daniel J. Gervais
      1.2. Intellectual Property as Trade Law / Daniel J. Gervais
      1.2.1. Alignment with Trade / Daniel J. Gervais
      1.2.2. Three-Step Test / Daniel J. Gervais
      1.2.2.1. 'Certain Special Cases' / Daniel J. Gervais
      1.2.2.2. Interference with Normal Commercial Exploitation / Daniel J. Gervais
      1.2.2.3. Unreasonable Prejudice to Legitimate Interests of Rights Holders / Daniel J. Gervais
      1.2.2.4. European 'InfoSoc' Directive / Daniel J. Gervais
      1.2.3. Exclusion of Moral Rights / Daniel J. Gervais
      1.3. Copyright's Internal Balance in the Mirror of Human Rights / Daniel J. Gervais
      1.4. Intellectual Property and Human Rights: The New Conflicts / Daniel J. Gervais
      1.5. Conclusion / Daniel J. Gervais
      ch. 2 New Innovation Frontier? Intellectual Property and the European Court of Human Rights Laurence / Daniel J. Gervais
      2.1. Introduction / R. Helfer
      2.2. European Convention on Human Rights and the Right of Property / R. Helfer
      2.2.1. Article 1 of Protocol 1: Protecting Peaceful Enjoyment of Possessions / R. Helfer
      2.2.2. Subject Matter and Temporal Scope of the Right of Property / R. Helfer
      2.2.3. Interferences with Property / R. Helfer
      2.2.4. Assessing the Legality of Interferences / R. Helfer
      2.3. Intellectual Property and the European Convention's Right of Property: A Tripartite Framework for Analysis / R. Helfer
      2.3.1. Is Intellectual Property Protected by Article 1? / R. Helfer
      2.3.1.1. Literary and Artistic Works / R. Helfer
      2.3.1.1.1. Dima v Romania / R. Helfer
      2.3.1.1.2. Implications of Dima for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works / R. Helfer
      2.3.1.2. Industrial Property / R. Helfer
      2.3.1.2.1. Anheuser-Busch Inc v Portugal / R. Helfer
      2.3.1.2.2. Significance of Anheuser-Busch's Extension of Article 1 to Trademark Applications / R. Helfer
      2.3.2. Has the State Interfered with a Possession? / R. Helfer
      2.3.2.1. Restrictions on the Exercise of Intellectual Property Rights / R. Helfer
      2.3.2.2. Interferences Resulting from Litigation between Private Parties / R. Helfer
      2.3.2.2.1. Adjudication of Intellectual Property Contracts / R. Helfer
      2.3.2.2.2. Rejection of Domestic Infringement Claims / R. Helfer
      2.3.2.2.3. Resolution of Competing Ownership Claims / R. Helfer
      2.3.3. Has the State Adequately Justified Its Interference with a Possession? / R. Helfer
      2.3.3.1. Dependent Patent Compulsory Licenses / R. Helfer
      2.3.3.2. Other Exceptions and Limitations to Exclusive Rights / R. Helfer
      2.4. Forecasting the Future: Three Paradigms for ECHR Adjudication of Intellectual Property Disputes / R. Helfer
      2.4.1. Rule of Law Paradigm / R. Helfer
      2.4.2. Enforcement Paradigm / R. Helfer
      2.4.3. Intellectual Property Balancing Paradigm / R. Helfer
      2.5. Conclusion / R. Helfer
      ch. 3 Challenges to the Development of a Human Rights Framework for Intellectual Property / R. Helfer
      3.1. Introduction / Peter K. Yu
      3.2. 'Human Rights Ratchet' / Peter K. Yu
      3.3. Institutional Capture / Peter K. Yu
      3.4. Cultural Bias / Peter K. Yu
      3.5. Conclusion / Peter K. Yu
      ch. 4 Reconceptualizing the Constitutional Dimension of Intellectual Property / Peter K. Yu
      4.1. Introduction / Christophe Geiger
      4.2. 'Constitutionalizing' IP Law: A Way to Secure a Just Balance of the Involved Interests / Christophe Geiger
      4.2.1. Guarantee of a Just Balance of Interests: The Crucial Issue / Christophe Geiger
      4.2.2. Crisis of the Classical Foundations of IP Law: The Copyright Example / Christophe Geiger
      4.3. Constitutional Framework for IP / Christophe Geiger
      4.3.1. Copyright as a Cultural Right / Christophe Geiger
      4.3.2. Copyright as an Exception to Freedom of Expression and Information / Christophe Geiger
      4.3.3. Copyright as a (Conditioned) Property / Christophe Geiger
      4.4. Consequences of 'Constitutionalizing' IP Law / Christophe Geiger
      4.4.1. Fundamental Rights as Guidelines for the Application of IP Law / Christophe Geiger
      4.4.2. Fundamental Rights as Guidelines for Reorganizing IP Law / Christophe Geiger
      4.5. Re-conceptualizing the Constitutional Protection for IP: Three Proposed Models for a Balanced IP Clause in Human Rights Instruments / Christophe Geiger
      4.6. Conclusion / Christophe Geiger
      ch. 5 Intellectual Property Rights and Human Rights: Coinciding and Cooperating / Christophe Geiger
      5.1. Introduction / Gemma Minero
      5.2. Intellectual Property Rights as Human Rights: International and European Perspectives / Gemma Minero
      5.3. Analysing the Potential or Apparent Conflicts / Gemma Minero
      5.3.1. Conflicts between Copyright and Freedom of Expression, Right to Privacy, Right to Education and Right to the Respect of One's Property / Gemma Minero
      5.3.2. Conflicts between Patents Rights and Protection of New Varieties of Plants and Right to Health, Right to Food, Right to a Safe and Clean Environment and Freedom of Speech and Right of the Public to Receive Information / Gemma Minero
      5.4. Conclusions / Gemma Minero
      ch. 6 Proportionality and Balancing within the Objectives for Intellectual Property Protection / Gemma Minero
      6.1. Introduction / Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan
      6.2. Need for Proportionality in the Context of International Economic Regulation / Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan
      6.3. TRIPS Objectives as Normative Input for the Balancing Exercise / Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan
      6.3.1. Preamble of TRIPS / Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan
      6.3.2. Objectives under Article 7 TRIPS / Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan
      6.3.2.1. Balance of Interests / Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan
      6.3.2.2. WTO Members Discretion to Exercise Balancing / Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan
      6.3.2.3. Legitimate Expectations of Interested Trading Partners in the WTO / Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan
      6.3.2.4. Role of 'Object and Purpose' in WTO Treaty Interpretation / Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan
      6.3.2.5. Doha Declarations: Increasing the Relative Importance of TRIPS Objectives? / Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan
      6.3.2.5.1. Formal Legal Status of the Doha Declarations / Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan
      6.3.2.5.2. Substance of the Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health / Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan
      6.3.2.5.3. Conclusions: Double Counting and Single Most Important Element / Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan
      6.3.2.6. Re-evaluating Canada - Patents / Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan
      6.4. Concluding Remarks: The Case for a Balance of Interest in Its Wider Context / Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan
      ch. 7 Copyright (and Other Intellectual Property Rights) as a Human Right / Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan
      7.1. Introduction / Paul L.C. Torremans
      7.2. Human Rights Approach to Copyright in International Instruments / Paul L.C. Torremans
      7.2.1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights / Paul L.C. Torremans
      7.2.2. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights / Paul L.C. Torremans
      7.3. Other Intellectual Property Rights / Paul L.C. Torremans
      7.4. Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union / Paul L.C. Torremans
      7.5. Balancing Private and Public Interests / Paul L.C. Torremans
      7.5.1. Need for a Balancing Act / Paul L.C. Torremans
      7.5.2. Balancing Act in the ECHR / Paul L.C. Torremans
      7.5.3. Balancing Act in the Court of Justice of the EU / Paul L.C. Torremans
      7.5.4. Competition Principles as an Example / Paul L.C. Torremans
      7.5.4.1. Principles and Justification / Paul L.C. Torremans
      7.5.4.2. Magill and IMS Health / Paul L.C. Torremans
      7.5.4.3. Not Only Economic Considerations Count / Paul L.C. Torremans
      7.6. Copyright's Relationship with Other Human Rights / Paul L.C. Torremans
      7.7. Conclusion / Paul L.C. Torremans
      ch. 8 Copyright and Freedom of Expression in Canada / Paul L.C. Torremans
      8.1. 'Very Well-Tailored Structure' of the Canadian Copyright Act: Freedom of Expression Internalized / Myra J. Tawfik
      8.1.1. Supreme Court of Canada and the Concept of User Rights / Myra J. Tawfik
      8.1.2. Fair Dealing as a User Right in Canada: Fostering a 'Robustly Cultured and Intellectual Public Domain' / Myra J. Tawfik
      8.1.3. Other Copyright Limitations and Exceptions That Support an Internalized Approach / Myra J. Tawfik
      8.2. Where Copyright and Freedom of Expression Collide: Cases of Structural Failure / Myra J. Tawfik
      8.2.1. Provisions Relating to the Circumvention of Technological-Protection Measures and Digital Rights Management Technologies / Myra J. Tawfik
      8.2.2. Contracting Out of 'User Rights' Especially Fair Dealing / Myra J. Tawfik
      8.3. Charter Approach to Canadian Copyright Law / Myra J. Tawfik
      8.3.1. Charter Consistent Copyright Act: Resolving the Structural Failures / Myra J. Tawfik
      8.3.2. Charter Consistent Interpretation of the Act: Recognizing Copyright's Constitutional Dimension / Myra J. Tawfik
      8.4. Conclusion / Myra J. Tawfik
      ch. 9 Fair Dealing Defences / Myra J. Tawfik
      9.1. Introduction / Patrick Masiyakurima
      9.2. Narrow Statutory Purposes / Patrick Masiyakurima
      9.3. Fairness / Patrick Masiyakurima
      9.4. Conclusion / Patrick Masiyakurima
      ch. 10 Copyright Law Reform through a Human Rights Lens / Patrick Masiyakurima
      10.1. Introduction / Graeme W. Austin / Amy G. Zavidow
      10.2. Creators' Human Rights / Graeme W. Austin / Amy G. Zavidow
      Contents note continued: 10.2.1. Human Rights Turn in Intellectual Property / Graeme W. Austin / Amy G. Zavidow
      10.2.2. Creators' Rights as Human Rights / Graeme W. Austin / Amy G. Zavidow
      10.3. Domestic Law Reform Proposals Viewed through a Human Rights Lens / Graeme W. Austin / Amy G. Zavidow
      10.3.1. Domestic Law Reform Proposals / Graeme W. Austin / Amy G. Zavidow
      10.3.1.1. Jettisoning the Reproduction Right / Graeme W. Austin / Amy G. Zavidow
      10.3.1.2. Resurrecting Formalities / Graeme W. Austin / Amy G. Zavidow
      10.3.1.3. Constraining the Derivative Works Right / Graeme W. Austin / Amy G. Zavidow
      10.3.1.4. Public International Law and Domestic Law Reform / Graeme W. Austin / Amy G. Zavidow
      10.3.1.4.1. Public International Intellectual Property Law / Graeme W. Austin / Amy G. Zavidow
      10.3.1.4.2. International Human Rights Law / Graeme W. Austin / Amy G. Zavidow
      10.4. Conclusion / Graeme W. Austin / Amy G. Zavidow
      ch. 11 Conflict between the Human Right to Education and Copyright / Graeme W. Austin / Amy G. Zavidow
      11.1. Introduction / Sharon E. Foster
      11.2. Foundation for the Human Right to Education: The United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights / Sharon E. Foster
      11.3. ICESCR on the Right to Education and How It Has Been Interpreted / Sharon E. Foster
      11.4. Human Right of Authors' Moral and Material Interests / Sharon E. Foster
      11.4.1. Article 27 of the UDHR Specifies That the Moral and Material Interests of Authors Are a Human Right / Sharon E. Foster
      11.4.2. Article 15 of the ICESCR Specifies That 'the Moral and Material Interests of Authors Are a Human Right' / Sharon E. Foster
      11.5. TRIPS Interpreted / Sharon E. Foster
      11.6. Internal Conflict / Sharon E. Foster
      11.7. External Conflict / Sharon E. Foster
      11.8. Market Failure and the False Conflict Paradigm / Sharon E. Foster
      11.9. Conclusion / Sharon E. Foster
      ch. 12 Copyright and the Two Cultures of Online Communication / Sharon E. Foster
      12.1. Communication Cultures on the Internet / Alexander Peukert
      12.1.1. Exclusivity Culture / Alexander Peukert
      12.1.2. Access Culture / Alexander Peukert
      12.1.3. Freedom of Choice and Hybrids / Alexander Peukert
      12.2. Role of Current Copyright Law / Alexander Peukert
      12.2.1. Copyright and Exclusivity Culture / Alexander Peukert
      12.2.2. Copyright and Access Culture / Alexander Peukert
      12.3. Perspectives / Alexander Peukert
      12.3.1. Further Promotion of the Exclusivity Culture / Alexander Peukert
      12.3.2. Further Reinforcement of the Access Culture / Alexander Peukert
      12.4. Conclusion / Alexander Peukert
      ch. 13 Fair Use, Transformative Use and the First Amendment / Alexander Peukert
      13.1. Introduction / Marshall Leaffer
      13.2. Overview of Fair Use / Marshall Leaffer
      13.2.1. Historical Perspective / Marshall Leaffer
      13.2.2. Preamble of the Statute / Marshall Leaffer
      13.2.3. Four Criteria / Marshall Leaffer
      13.3. Origins of the Transformative Use Doctrine / Marshall Leaffer
      13.4. Transformative Use and the Problem of Parody / Marshall Leaffer
      13.4.1. Parody as Fair Use: Its Statutory Basis / Marshall Leaffer
      13.4.2. Parody, Transformative Use and the Four Factors: Campbell v Acuff Rose / Marshall Leaffer
      13.4.3. How Much Can the Parody Take from the Original? / Marshall Leaffer
      13.4.4. Parody and the Fourth Fair-Use Factor: Market Effect / Marshall Leaffer
      13.4.5. Does the Parody Have to Target the Copyrighted Work? / Marshall Leaffer
      13.5. Beyond Parody: From Transformative Use to Transformative Purpose / Marshall Leaffer
      13.5.1. On line Research Tools: Perfect 10, Inc v Amazon, Inc / Marshall Leaffer
      13.5.2. Appropriation Art / Marshall Leaffer
      13.5.3. Mass Digitization and Fair Use: The Google Book Search Project / Marshall Leaffer
      13.6. Conclusion / Marshall Leaffer
      ch. 14 Is There a Right to an Immoral Trademark? / Marshall Leaffer
      14.1. Introduction: Freedom of Expression and the Law of Trademarks / Jonathan Griffiths
      14.2. Marks Contrary to Public Policy and Morality: United Kingdom and Community Law / Jonathan Griffiths
      14.3. Application of the Morality and Public Policy Exclusion: Cases from the United Kingdom / Jonathan Griffiths
      14.3.1. Cases Decided by the Lord Chancellor's Appointed Person / Jonathan Griffiths
      14.3.1.1. Ghazilian's Application / Jonathan Griffiths
      14.3.1.2. Basic Trademark SA's Application / Jonathan Griffiths
      14.3.1.3. Scranage's Trademark Application / Jonathan Griffiths
      14.3.1.4. French Connection Ltd's Trade Mark Registration / Jonathan Griffiths
      14.3.2. Decisions of the Registrar / Jonathan Griffiths
      14.3.2.1. CDW Graphic Design Ltd's Application / Jonathan Griffiths
      14.3.2.2. Sporting Kicks Ltd's Application / Jonathan Griffiths
      14.3.2.3. Toke UK Ltd's Application / Jonathan Griffiths
      14.4. Cases under the Community Trade Mark Regulation / Jonathan Griffiths
      14.4.1. Dick Lexic Ltd's Application / Jonathan Griffiths
      14.4.2. Application of Kenneth (Trading as SCREW YOU) / Jonathan Griffiths
      14.4.3. Couture Tech v OHIM / Jonathan Griffiths
      14.4.4. Paki Logistics GmbH v OHIM / Jonathan Griffiths
      14.5. Impact of Freedom of Expression / Jonathan Griffiths
      14.5.1. Scope and Status of Article 10 / Jonathan Griffiths
      14.5.2. Application of Article 10 in Immorality/Public Policy Cases / Jonathan Griffiths
      14.6. Has Article 10 Been Correctly Applied? / Jonathan Griffiths
      14.6.1. Is 'Expression' at Issue at All? / Jonathan Griffiths
      14.6.2. Does Refusal to Register a Mark Constitute an Interference with the Right Protected by Article 10? / Jonathan Griffiths
      14.6.3. Is It 'Necessary in a Democratic Society' to Refuse Registration? / Jonathan Griffiths
      14.7. Conclusion / Jonathan Griffiths
      ch. 15 Trademarks and Human Rights / Jonathan Griffiths
      15.1. Introductory / Marco Ricolfi
      15.2. Resurgence of the Human Rights Discourse at the Turn of Last Century / Marco Ricolfi
      15.3. In Which Ways Are Trademarks Different from Other IPRs for Purposes of Human Rights Analysis? / Marco Ricolfi
      15.4. Identification of the Levels of the Interface between Trademark Law and Human Rights / Marco Ricolfi
      15.5. Trademarks as Property / Marco Ricolfi
      15.6. Anheuser-Busch Case / Marco Ricolfi
      15.7. Unregistered Trademarks, Trade Names and Domain Names: The Paeffgen Case / Marco Ricolfi
      15.8. Geographic Indications as Property: The Tocaj Case / Marco Ricolfi
      15.9. Absolute Grounds for Refusal of the Registration of a Trademark and Human Rights: The (Limited) Relevance of Free Speech / Marco Ricolfi
      15.10. Prohibitions to Use a Trademark for Public Policy Reasons / Marco Ricolfi
      15.11. 'Need to Keep Free' in a Human Rights Perspective / Marco Ricolfi
      15.12. Human Rights and the Conflict between Senior and Junior Trademarks / Marco Ricolfi
      15.13. Likelihood of Confusion and Human Rights / Marco Ricolfi
      15.14. Human Rights, Dilution and 'Absolute' Protection of Trademarks: The Issue / Marco Ricolfi
      15.15. Options / Marco Ricolfi
      15.16. First Three Pillars of an 'Integrated System'? / Marco Ricolfi
      15.17. Exceptions and Limitations as the Fourth Pillar of the 'Integrated System' / Marco Ricolfi
      ch. 16 Folklore, Human Rights and Intellectual Property / Marco Ricolfi
      16.1. Introduction / Andrea Radonjanin
      16.2. Getting a Grasp of Folklore / Andrea Radonjanin
      16.3. Placing the Protection of Folklore within the Right Legal Framework / Andrea Radonjanin
      16.3.1. Intellectual Property Laws / Andrea Radonjanin
      16.3.1.1. Copyright / Andrea Radonjanin
      16.3.1.2. Trademark Law / Andrea Radonjanin
      16.3.1.3. Geographical Indications of Origin / Andrea Radonjanin
      16.3.1.4. Sui Generis Protection / Andrea Radonjanin
      16.3.2. Human Rights Laws / Andrea Radonjanin
      16.3.2.1. Relevant Legal Instruments in the Field of Human Rights Laws / Andrea Radonjanin
      16.3.2.2. Suitability of Human Rights Laws for Protecting Folklore / Andrea Radonjanin
      16.4. Which Law for Folklore - A Suggestion / Andrea Radonjanin
      16.5. Conclusion / Andrea Radonjanin
      ch. 17 Geographical Indications and Human Rights / Andrea Radonjanin
      17.1. Introduction / Dev Gangjee
      17.2. Geographical Indications as the Objects of Intellectual Property Law / Dev Gangjee
      17.2.1. What Is a Geographical Indication? / Dev Gangjee
      17.2.2. Similarities with Trademarks / Dev Gangjee
      17.2.3. Differences in Scope / Dev Gangjee
      17.3. Geographical Indications and Cultural Rights? / Dev Gangjee
      17.3.1. Space for a Cultural Heritage Argument / Dev Gangjee
      17.3.2. Limitations of Cultural Rights / Dev Gangjee
      17.4. Conclusion / Dev Gangjee
      ch. 18 Is Taking Advantage Always Unfair?: Balancing Interest in Investment in Brands with Basic Rights and Free Competition Rules in the EU / Dev Gangjee
      18.1. Intellectual Property Rights versus Basic Human Rights / Nigar Kirimova
      18.2. Analysis of Situation in the EU / Nigar Kirimova
      18.2.1. Legal Background: Why Protection of Trademarks with Reputation in the EU Is Considered to Be Excessive? / Nigar Kirimova
      18.2.2. Notion of "Taking Unfair Advantage" / Nigar Kirimova
      18.2.3. Trademark Functions Theory / Nigar Kirimova
      Contents note continued: 18.3. Danger for Free Competition and Commercial Speech to Fall into the Black Hole of TM Protection in the Light of L'Oreal Decision / Nigar Kirimova
      18.3.1. Facts of the Case / Nigar Kirimova
      18.3.2. Legality of Imitation and Free Competition for Realization of the Right to Conduct Business / Nigar Kirimova
      18.3.3. IP Rights and Free Commercial Speech / Nigar Kirimova
      18.4. Recommendations / Nigar Kirimova
      18.4.1. Removal of "Unfair Advantage" Element and Broader Interpretation of "Detriment to the Distinctiveness" / Nigar Kirimova
      18.4.2. Correct Interpretation of Terms "Unfair" and "Without Due Cause" as Alternative Ways Out / Nigar Kirimova
      18.5. Conclusion / Nigar Kirimova
      ch. 19 Trademarks and Human Rights: The Issue of Plain Packaging / Nigar Kirimova
      19.1. Introduction / Owen H. Dean
      19.2. Australian Plain Packaging Legislation / Owen H. Dean
      19.3. Australian Plain Packaging Litigation / Owen H. Dean
      19.4. Reaction to the Australian Court Decision / Owen H. Dean
      19.5. South African Constitution and Property / Owen H. Dean
      19.5.1. Section 25 / Owen H. Dean
      19.5.2. What Constitutes Property? / Owen H. Dean
      19.5.3. What Does Deprivation Entail? / Owen H. Dean
      19.5.4. Deprivation That Is Arbitrary / Owen H. Dean
      19.5.5. When Is a Deprivation an Expropriation? / Owen H. Dean
      19.5.6. Law of General Application / Owen H. Dean
      19.5.7. Conclusion / Owen H. Dean
      19.6. Essential Characteristics of Trademarks / Owen H. Dean
      19.6.1. Nature of a Trademark / Owen H. Dean
      19.6.2. Different Types of Trademarks / Owen H. Dean
      19.6.3. Significance of Use of a Trademark / Owen H. Dean
      19.6.4. Value of Trademarks / Owen H. Dean
      19.6.5. Effect of Non-use of Trademarks / Owen H. Dean
      19.7. South African Plain Packaging Legislation / Owen H. Dean
      19.8. Dunhill Device as an Example of a Trademark under Threat / Owen H. Dean
      19.9. Deprivation of the Dunhill Device Marks / Owen H. Dean
      19.9.1. Application of the Property Clause / Owen H. Dean
      19.9.2. Are Trademarks Property in the Constitutional Context? / Owen H. Dean
      19.9.3. Law of General Application / Owen H. Dean
      19.9.4. Deprivation of Property / Owen H. Dean
      19.9.5. Deprivation That Is Arbitrary / Owen H. Dean
      19.10. Conclusion / Owen H. Dean
      ch. 20 Recapturing Liberated Information: The Relationship between the United Kingdom's Freedom of Information Act 2000 and Private Law Restraints on Disclosure / Owen H. Dean
      20.1. Introduction / Jonathan Griffiths
      20.2. Access to Information under FOIA 2000: An Introduction / Jonathan Griffiths
      20.3. Potential Private Law Claims Arising from Disclosure / Jonathan Griffiths
      20.4. Statutory Immunity in Other Jurisdictions / Jonathan Griffiths
      20.4.1. Australia / Jonathan Griffiths
      20.4.2. New Zealand / Jonathan Griffiths
      20.4.3. Canada / Jonathan Griffiths
      20.4.4. Ireland / Jonathan Griffiths
      20.4.5. Common Principles / Jonathan Griffiths
      20.5. Freedom of Information Act 2000: Relationship with Private Rights / Jonathan Griffiths
      20.5.1. Defamation / Jonathan Griffiths
      20.5.2. Breach of Confidence / Jonathan Griffiths
      20.5.3. Copyright / Jonathan Griffiths
      20.6. Potential Problems Arising as a Result of the Limited Statutory Immunity Granted under FOIA 2000 / Jonathan Griffiths
      20.6.1. Problems for Public Authorities / Jonathan Griffiths
      20.6.2. Problems for Authors/Suppliers / Jonathan Griffiths
      20.6.3. Problems for Applicants / Jonathan Griffiths
      20.7. Conclusion / Jonathan Griffiths
      ch. 21 'Holding the Line': The Relationship between the Public Interest and Remedies Granted or Refused, Be It for Breach of Confidence or Copyright / Jonathan Griffiths
      21.1. Introduction / Alison Firth
      21.2. Copyright, Breach of Confidence and Other Causes of Action / Alison Firth
      21.3. Guardians of the Public Interest / Alison Firth
      21.4. Some Key Aspects of European Law / Alison Firth
      21.5. Prof Ricketson's Spectrum / Alison Firth
      21.6. Public Interest / Alison Firth
      21.7. Public Interest: The Exception or the Rule? / Alison Firth
      21.8. Copyright, Competition Law and the Three-Step Test / Alison Firth
      21.9. Public Interest in the Denial of Protection / Alison Firth
      21.10. Exclusivity versus Right to Remuneration / Alison Firth
      21.11. Exclusive Right or Right to Remuneration versus Free Use / Alison Firth
      21.12. Conclusion / Alison Firth
      ch. 22 Privacy, Confidentiality and Property / Alison Firth
      22.1. Introduction / Peter Jaffey
      22.2. Privacy and Confidentiality / Peter Jaffey
      22.2.1. Law of Confidentiality / Peter Jaffey
      22.2.2. Limits of Informational Privacy / Peter Jaffey
      22.2.3. Informational Privacy and the 'Blockbuster Tort' Objection / Peter Jaffey
      22.3. Confidentiality as the Ownership of Trade Secrets / Peter Jaffey
      22.4. Privacy, Defamation and 'False Light' Portrayal / Peter Jaffey
      22.4.1. Privacy and Defamation / Peter Jaffey
      22.4.2. 'False Light' Portrayal / Peter Jaffey
      22.5. Publicity and Merchandising / Peter Jaffey
      22.5.1. Privacy as the Ownership of Image: The Right of Publicity / Peter Jaffey
      22.5.2. Trademarks: The Information Function / Peter Jaffey
      22.5.3. Non-information-Related 'Image' Function of a Trademark / Peter Jaffey
      22.5.4. Protecting Images for Merchandising through the Law of Trademarks / Peter Jaffey
      22.6. Intellectual Property and the Ownership of Intangibles / Peter Jaffey
      22.7. Conclusion / Peter Jaffey
      ch. 23 Developing a Right of Privacy for Corporations / Peter Jaffey
      23.1. Introduction / Jacqueline Nwozo
      23.2. Protection of Corporations' Privacy under the English Law of Confidence / Jacqueline Nwozo
      23.3. Article 8 ECHR: Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights on Privacy / Jacqueline Nwozo
      23.4. Australian Experience / Jacqueline Nwozo
      23.5. Arguments for the Further Development of a Right to Privacy for Corporations / Jacqueline Nwozo
      23.6. Development of Corporations' Privacy in English Law: Recommendations / Jacqueline Nwozo
      23.7. Conclusion / Jacqueline Nwozo
      ch. 24 Personalized Medicine, Intellectual Property Rights and Human Rights / Jacqueline Nwozo
      24.1. Introduction / Sven J.R Bostyn
      24.2. Personalized Medicine: What Is It? / Sven J.R Bostyn
      24.3. Patent Law Issues / Sven J.R Bostyn
      24.3.1. Introduction / Sven J.R Bostyn
      24.3.2. Patenting of Genes and Gene Related Inventions / Sven J.R Bostyn
      24.3.2.1. Europe / Sven J.R Bostyn
      24.3.2.2. United States / Sven J.R Bostyn
      24.3.3. Diagnostic Methods and Methods for Treatment / Sven J.R Bostyn
      24.3.3.1. Introduction / Sven J.R Bostyn
      24.3.3.2. Europe / Sven J.R Bostyn
      24.3.3.3. United States / Sven J.R Bostyn
      24.3.4. Further Applications of an Existing Drug / Sven J.R Bostyn
      24.3.4.1. Introduction / Sven J.R Bostyn
      24.3.4.2. Europe / Sven J.R Bostyn
      24.3.4.3. United States / Sven J.R Bostyn
      24.4. Human Rights Issues / Sven J.R Bostyn
      24.4.1. Fundamentals / Sven J.R Bostyn
      24.4.2. Different Approaches towards the Relationship between Human Rights and Intellectual Property Rights / Sven J.R Bostyn
      24.4.3. Right to Health and Personalized Medicine / Sven J.R Bostyn
      24.4.4. Consequences / Sven J.R Bostyn
      24.5. Conclusions and Suggestions / Sven J.R Bostyn
      ch. 25 Human Stem Cell Research: Ethical and Religious Concerns over Patenting Biotechnological Inventions in Malaysia / Sven J.R Bostyn
      25.1. Introduction / Ida Madieha Azmi / Majdah Zawawi
      25.2. Patent Law in Malaysia / Ida Madieha Azmi / Majdah Zawawi
      25.3. Position of Ethics and Morality in Islam / Ida Madieha Azmi / Majdah Zawawi
      25.4. Promoting Beneficence (Maslahah) and Genetic Research / Ida Madieha Azmi / Majdah Zawawi
      25.5. Limits of Science: Bioethics and Lessons from the Holy Qur'an / Ida Madieha Azmi / Majdah Zawawi
      25.6. Islam and Embryo Research / Ida Madieha Azmi / Majdah Zawawi
      25.7. Commercialization of Human Body and Human Body Parts / Ida Madieha Azmi / Majdah Zawawi
      25.8. Malaysian Practices on Research Involving Human Embryo and Stem Cells / Ida Madieha Azmi / Majdah Zawawi
      25.9. Conclusion / Ida Madieha Azmi / Majdah Zawawi
      ch. 26 Intellectual Property Rights and Human Rights for Nanotechnology in Malaysia / Ida Madieha Azmi / Majdah Zawawi
      26.1. Introduction / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.2. Relationship of Nanotechnology, Intellectual Property Rights and Human Rights / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.3. Background of Nanotechnology / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.4. Defining Nanotechnology / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.5. Size Dimension / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.6. Change of Properties / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.7. Functions or Effects / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.8. Combinations of the Above Definition / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.9. Rights to Property and Nanotechnology Creations / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.9.1. Nanotechnology and Patent Law / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.9.2. Novelty of Nanotechnology / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.9.3. Obviousness in Nanotechnology / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.9.4. Person Skilled in Multiple Arts / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.9.5. Confidential Information and Nanotechnology / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.9.6. Nanotechnology Information / Norain Binti Ismail
      Contents note continued: 26.9.7. Copyright and Nanotechnology / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.9.8. Nano-Creations and Artistic Works / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.9.9. Nano-Creations in Works of Architecture / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.9.10. Works of Artistic Craftsmanship and Nano-Creations / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.9.11. Sculpture and Nano-Creations / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.9.12. Graphic Works and Nano-Creations / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.9.13. Literary Works and Nano-Creations / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.9.14. Trade Marks and Nanotechnology / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.9.15. Nano-Scale Marks / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.9.16. Design and Nanotechnology / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.9.17. Eye Appeal Requirement for Nano-Creations / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.9.18. Nano-Creations under Registered Design / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.9.19. Nano-Creations and UK Unregistered Design / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.10. Right to Property and Ownership Rights in Nanotechnology / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.10.1. Ownership in Patent Law / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.10.2. Employment Contract in Confidentiality / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.11. Right to Property and Prior User Rights / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.12. Scope of Experimental Use Defence in Patent and Human Rights Approach / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.12.1. Acts Done for Scientific or Experimental Purposes / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.12.2. Acts Done for Industrial and Commercial / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.12.3. Experimental Purpose Relating to the Subject Matter of the Invention / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.12.4. Act Done Privately / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.12.5. Scope for Experimental Use Defence / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.13. Right to Life and Ordre Public and Morality in Nanotechnology Invention / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.14. Right to Life and Public Interest Defence for Nanotechnology in Confidentiality / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.14.1. Principle of Public Defence for Nanotechnology / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.14.2. Scope and Limits of Public Interest Defence for Nanotechnology / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.15. Freedom of Expression and Nano-Word / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.15.1. 'Nano' Word / Norain Binti Ismail
      26.16. Conclusion / Norain Binti Ismail
      ch. 27 Gene Patents and Human Rights / Norain Binti Ismail
      27.1. Introduction / Geertrui Van Overwalle
      27.2. Human Genetics / Geertrui Van Overwalle
      27.3. Human Genetics and Patent Law / Geertrui Van Overwalle
      27.3.1. Human Genes / Geertrui Van Overwalle
      27.3.2. Human Proteins / Geertrui Van Overwalle
      27.3.3. Genetic Diagnostic Methods / Geertrui Van Overwalle
      27.4. Gene Patents and Human Rights / Geertrui Van Overwalle
      27.4.1. Human Dignity / Geertrui Van Overwalle
      27.4.1.1. In General / Geertrui Van Overwalle
      27.4.1.2. In Patent Law / Geertrui Van Overwalle
      27.4.2. Right to Informed Consent / Geertrui Van Overwalle
      27.4.2.1. In General / Geertrui Van Overwalle
      27.4.2.2. In Patent Law / Geertrui Van Overwalle
      27.4.3. Right of Access to Health Care / Geertrui Van Overwalle
      27.4.3.1. In General / Geertrui Van Overwalle
      27.4.3.2. In Patent Law / Geertrui Van Overwalle
      27.5. Conclusion / Geertrui Van Overwalle.
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