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    Handbook of biological wastewater treatment : design and optimisation of activated sludge systems / A.C. van Haandel and J.G.M. van der Lubbe.

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    • Title:Handbook of biological wastewater treatment : design and optimisation of activated sludge systems / A.C. van Haandel and J.G.M. van der Lubbe.
    •    
    • Author/Creator:Haandel, Adrianus C. van.
    • Other Contributors/Collections:Lubbe, J. G. M. van der.
    • Published/Created:London ; New York : IWA Pub., 2012.

    • Holdings

      Holdings Record Display

       
    • Library of Congress Subjects:Sewage--Purification--Biological treatment--Handbooks, manuals, etc.
      Sewage--Purification--Activated sludge process--Handbooks, manuals, etc.
    • Medical Subjects: Sewage--purification.
      Sewage--biological treatment.
      Sewage--activated sludge process.
      Waste Disposal, Fluid
    • Edition:2nd ed.
    • Description:xlvi, 770 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm.
    • Notes:Includes bibliographical references (pages [671]-684).
    • ISBN:9781780400006 (cased)
      1780400004 (cased)
    • Contents:Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 Scope of text
      1.0. Introduction
      1.1. Advances in secondary wastewater treatment
      1.2. Tertiary wastewater treatment
      1.3. Temperature influence on activated sludge design
      1.4. Objective of the text
      ch. 2 Organic material and bacterial metabolism
      2.0. Introduction
      2.1. Measurement of organic material
      2.1.1. COD test
      2.1.2. BOD test
      2.1.3. TOC test
      2.2. Comparison of measurement parameters
      2.3. Metabolism
      2.3.1. Oxidative metabolism
      2.3.2. Anoxic respiration
      2.3.3. Anaerobic digestion
      ch. 3 Organic material removal
      3.0. Introduction
      3.1. Organic material and activated sludge composition
      3.1.1. Organic material fractions in wastewater
      3.1.2. Activated sludge composition
      3.1.2.1. Active sludge
      3.1.2.2. Inactive sludge
      3.1.2.3. Inorganic sludge
      3.1.2.4. Definition of sludge fractions
      3.1.3. Mass balance of the organic material
      3.2. Model notation
      3.3. Steady-state model of the activated sludge system
      3.3.1. Model development
      3.3.1.1. Definition of sludge age
      3.3.1.2. COD fraction discharged with the effluent
      3.3.1.3. COD fraction in the excess sludge
      3.3.1.4. COD fraction oxidised for respiration
      3.3.1.5. Model summary and evaluation
      3.3.2. Model calibration
      3.3.3. Model applications
      3.3.3.1. Sludge mass and composition
      3.3.3.2. Biological reactor volume
      3.3.3.3. Excess sludge production and nutrient demand
      3.3.3.4. Temperature effect
      3.3.3.5. True yield versus apparent yield
      3.3.3.6. F/M ratio
      3.3.4. Selection and control of the sludge age
      3.4. General model of the activated sludge system
      3.4.1. Model development
      3.4.2. Model calibration
      3.4.3. Application of the general model
      3.5. Configurations of the activated sludge system
      3.5.1. Conventional activated sludge systems
      3.5.2. Sequential batch systems
      3.5.3. Carrousels
      3.5.4. Aerated lagoons
      ch. 4 Aeration
      4.0. Introduction
      4.1. Aeration theory
      4.1.1. Factors affecting kla and DOs
      4.1.2. Effect of local pressure on DOs
      4.1.3. Effect of temperature on kla and DOs
      4.1.4. Oxygen transfer efficiency for surface aerators
      4.1.5. Power requirement for diffused aeration
      4.2. Methods to determine the oxygen transfer efficiency
      4.2.1. Determination of the standard oxygen transfer efficiency
      4.2.2. Determination of the actual oxygen transfer efficiency
      ch. 5 Nitrogen removal
      5.0. Introduction
      5.1. Fundamentals of nitrogen removal
      5.1.1. Forms and reactions of nitrogenous matter
      5.1.2. Mass balance of nitrogenous matter
      5.1.3. Stoichiometrics of reactions with nitrogenous matter
      5.1.3.1. Oxygen consumption
      5.1.3.2. Effects on alkalinity
      5.1.3.3. Effects on pH
      5.2. Nitrification
      5.2.1. Nitrification kinetics
      5.2.2. Nitrification in systems with non aerated zones
      5.2.3. Nitrification potential and nitrification capacity
      5.2.4. Design procedure for nitrification
      5.3. Denitrification
      5.3.1. System configurations for denitrification
      5.3.1.1. Denitrification with an external carbon source
      5.3.1.2. Denitrification with an internal carbon source
      5.3.2. Denitrification kinetics
      5.3.2.1. Sludge production in anoxic/aerobic systems
      5.3.2.2. Denitrification rates
      5.3.2.3. Minimum anoxic mass fraction in the pre-D reactor
      5.3.3. Denitrification capacity
      5.3.3.1. Denitrification capacity in a pre-D reactor
      5.3.3.2. Denitrification capacity in a post-D reactor
      5.3.4. Available nitrate
      5.4. Designing and optimising nitrogen removal
      5.4.1. Calculation of nitrogen removal capacity
      5.4.2. Optimised design of nitrogen removal
      5.4.2.1. Complete nitrogen removal
      5.4.2.2. Incomplete nitrogen removal
      5.4.2.3. Effect of recirculation of oxygen on denitrification capacity
      5.4.2.4. Design procedure for optimized nitrogen removal
      ch. 6 Innovative systems for nitrogen removal
      6.0. Introduction
      6.1. Nitrogen removal over nitrite
      6.1.1. Basic principles of nitritation
      6.1.2. Kinetics of high rate ammonium oxidation
      6.1.3. Reactor configuration and operation
      6.1.4. Required model enhancements
      6.2. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation
      6.2.1. Anammox process characteristics
      6.2.2. Reactor design and configuration
      6.3. Combination of nitritation with anammox
      6.3.1. Two stage configuration (nitritation reactor
      -Anammox)
      6.3.2. Case study: full scale SHARON
      - Anammox treatment
      6.3.3. Single reactor configurations
      6.4. Bioaugmentation
      6.5. Side stream nitrogen removal: evaluation and potential
      ch. 7 Phosphorus removal
      7.0. Introduction
      7.1. Biological Phosphorus Removal
      7.1.1. Mechanisms involved in biological phosphorus removal
      7.1.2. Bio-P removal system configurations
      7.1.3. Model of biological phosphorus removal
      7.1.3.1. Enhanced cultures
      7.1.3.2. Mixed cultures
      7.1.3.3. Denitrification of bio-P organisms
      7.1.3.4. Discharge of organic phosphorus with the effluent
      7.2. Optimisation of biological nutrient removal
      7.2.1. Influence of wastewater characteristics
      7.2.2. Improving substrate availability for nutrient removal
      7.2.3. Optimisation of operational conditions
      7.2.4. Resolving operational problems
      7.3. Chemical phosphorus removal
      7.3.1. Stoichiometrics of chemical phosphorus removal
      7.3.1.1. Addition of metal salts
      7.3.1.2. Addition of lime
      7.3.1.3. Effects on pH
      7.3.2. Chemical phosphorus removal configurations
      7.3.2.1. Pre-precipitation
      7.3.2.2. Simultaneous precipitation
      7.3.2.3. Post-precipitation
      7.3.2.4. Sidestream precipitation
      7.3.3. Design procedure for chemical phosphorus removal
      ch. 8 Sludge settling
      8.0. Introduction
      8.1. Methods to determine sludge settleability
      8.1.1. Zone settling rate test
      8.1.2. Alternative parameters for sludge settleability
      8.1.3. Relationships between different settleability parameters
      8.2. Model for settling in a continuous settler
      8.2.1. Determination of the limiting concentration Xl
      8.2.2. Determination of the critical concentration Xc
      8.2.3. Determination of the minimum concentration Xm
      8.3. Design of final settlers
      8.3.1. Optimised design procedure for final settlers
      8.3.2. Determination of the critical recirculation rate
      8.3.3. Graphical optimization of final settler operation
      8.3.4. Optimisation of the system of biological reactor and final settler
      8.3.5. Validation of the optimised settler design procedure
      8.3.5.1. US EPA design guidelines
      8.3.5.2. WRC and modified WRC design guidelines
      8.3.5.3. STORA/STOWA design guidelines
      8.3.5.4. ATV design guidelines
      8.3.5.5. Solids flux compared with other design methods
      8.4. Physical design aspects for final settlers
      8.5. Final settlers under variable loading conditions
      ch. 9 Sludge bulking and scum formation
      9.0. Introduction
      9.1. Microbial aspects of sludge bulking
      9.2. Causes and control of sludge bulking
      9.2.1. Sludge bulking due to a low reactor substrate concentration
      9.2.2. Guidelines for selector design
      9.2.3. Control of bulking sludge in anoxic-aerobic systems
      9.2.4. Other causes of sludge bulking
      9.3. Non-specific measures to control sludge bulking
      9.4. Causes and control of scum formation
      ch. 10 Membrane bioreactors
      10.0. Introduction
      10.1. Membrane bioreactors (MBR)
      10.2. MBR configurations
      10.2.1. Submerged MBR
      10.2.2. Cross-flow MBR
      10.2.3. Comparison of submerged and cross-flow MBR
      10.3. MBR design considerations
      10.3.1. Theoretical concepts in membrane filtration
      10.3.2. Impact on activated sludge system design
      10.3.3. Pre-treatment
      10.3.4. Module configuration
      - submerged MBR
      10.3.5. Module aeration
      - submerged MBR
      10.3.6. Key design data of different membrane types
      10.4. MBR operation
      10.4.1. Operation of submerged membranes
      10.4.2. Operation of cross-flow membranes
      10.4.3. Membrane fouling
      10.4.4. Membrane cleaning
      10.5. MBR technology: evaluation and potential
      ch. 11 Moving bed biofilm reactors
      11.0. Introduction
      11.1. MBBR technology and reactor configuration
      11.1.1. Carriers used in MBBR processes
      11.1.2. Aeration system
      11.1.3. Sieves and mixers
      11.2. Features of MBBR process
      11.3. MBBR process configurations
      11.3.1. Pure MBBR
      11.3.2. MBBR as pre-treatment
      11.3.3. MBBR as post-treatment
      11.3.4. Integrated fixed film reactors
      11.4. Pure MBBR design and performance
      11.4.1. Secondary treatment of municipal sewage
      11.4.2. Secondary treatment of industrial wastewater
      11.4.3. Nitrification
      11.4.4. Nitrogen removal
      11.4.5. Phosphorus removal
      11.5. Upgrading of existing activated sludge plants
      11.5.1. High rate pre-treatment MBBR for BOD/COD removal
      11.5.2. Upgrading of secondary CAS to nitrification
      11.5.3. Nitrification in IFAS processes
      11.5.4. IFAS for nitrogen removal
      11.6. Solids removal from MBBR effluent
      11.6.1. Gravity settling
      11.6.2. Micro-sand ballasted lamella sedimentation
      11.6.3. Dissolved air flotation
      11.6.4. Micro screening
      11.6.5. Media filtration
      11.6.6. Membrane filtration
      ch. 12 Sludge treatment and disposal
      Contents note continued: 12.0. Introduction
      12.1. Excess sludge quality and quantity
      12.2. Sludge thickeners
      12.2.1. Design of sludge thickeners using the solids flux theory
      12.2.2. Design of sludge thickeners using empirical relationships
      12.3. Aerobic digestion
      12.3.1. Kinetic model for aerobic sludge digestion
      12.3.1.1. Variation of the volatile sludge concentration
      12.3.1.2. Variation of the oxygen uptake rate
      12.3.1.3. Variation of the nitrate concentration
      12.3.1.4. Variation of the alkalinity
      12.3.1.5. Variation of the BOD
      12.3.2. Aerobic digestion in the main activated sludge process
      12.3.3. Aerobic digester design
      12.3.4. Optimisation of aerobic sludge digestion
      12.3.5. Operational parameters of the aerobic digester
      12.4. Anaerobic digestion
      12.4.1. Stoichiometry of anaerobic digestion
      12.4.2. Configurations used for anaerobic digestion
      12.4.3. Influence of operational parameters
      12.4.4. Performance of the high rate anaerobic digester
      12.4.4.1. Removal efficiency of volatile suspended solids
      12.4.4.2. Biogas production
      12.4.4.3. Energy generation in anaerobic sludge digesters
      12.4.4.4. Solids destruction and stabilised excess sludge production
      12.4.4.5. Nutrient balance in the anaerobic digester
      12.4.5. Design and optimisation of anaerobic digesters
      12.5. Stabilised sludge drying and disposal
      12.5.1. Natural sludge drying
      12.5.2. Design and optimisation of natural sludge drying beds
      12.5.2.1. Determination of the percolation time (t2)
      12.5.2.2. Determination of the evaporation time (t4)
      12.5.2.3. Influence of rain on sludge drying bed productivity
      12.5.3. Accelerated sludge drying with external energy
      12.5.3.1. Use of solar energy
      12.5.3.2. Use of combustion heat from biogas
      ch. 13 Anaerobic pretreatment
      13.0. Introduction
      13.1. Anaerobic treatment of municipal sewage
      13.1.1. Configurations for anaerobic sewage treatment
      13.1.1.1. Anaerobic filter
      13.1.1.2. Fluidised and expanded bed systems
      13.1.1.3. Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor
      13.1.1.4. RALF system
      13.1.2. Evaluation of different anaerobic configurations
      13.2. Factors affecting municipal UASB performance
      13.2.1. Design and engineering issues
      13.2.2. Operational-and maintenance issues
      13.2.3. Inappropriate expectations of UASB performance
      13.2.4. Presence of sulphate in municipal sewage
      13.2.5. Energy production and greenhouse gas emissions
      13.2.5.1. Carbon footprint
      13.2.5.2. Biogas utilization
      13.3. Design model for anaerobic sewage treatment
      13.3.1. Sludge age as the key design parameter
      13.3.2. Influence of the temperature
      13.3.3. Characterisation of anaerobic biomass
      13.4. UASB reactor design guidelines
      13.5. Post-treatment of anaerobic effluent
      13.5.1. Secondary treatment of anaerobic effluent
      13.5.1.1. Applicability of the ideal steady state model for COD removal
      13.5.1.2. Stabilisation of aerobic excess sludge in the UASB reactor
      13.5.2. Nitrogen removal from anaerobic effluent
      13.5.2.1. Bypass of raw sewage to the activated sludge system
      13.5.2.2. Anaerobic digestion with reduced methanogenic efficiency
      13.5.2.3. Application of innovative nitrogen removal configurations
      13.5.3. Future developments
      13.5.3.1. Two stage anaerobic digestion
      13.5.3.2. Psychrophilic anaerobic wastewater treatment
      13.6. Anaerobic treatment of industrial wastewater
      ch. 14 Integrated cost-based design and operation
      14.0. Introduction
      14.1. Preparations for system design
      14.1.1. basis of design
      14.1.1.1. Wastewater characteristics
      14.1.1.2. Kinetic parameters and settleability of the sludge
      14.1.2. Costing data
      14.1.2.1. Investment costs
      14.1.2.2. Operational costs
      14.1.2.3. Annualised investment costs
      14.1.3. Performance objectives
      14.1.4. Applicable system configurations
      14.1.5. Limitations and constraints
      14.2. Optimised design procedure
      14.2.1. System A1: Conventional secondary treatment
      14.2.2. System A2: Secondary treatment with primary settling
      14.2.3. System B1: Combined anaerobic-aerobic treatment
      14.2.4. System C1: Nitrogen removal
      14.2.5. System C2: Nitrogen and phosphorus removal
      14.2.6. System comparison
      14.3. Factors influencing design
      14.3.1. Influence of the wastewater temperature
      14.3.2. Influence of the sludge age
      14.4. Operational optimisation
      14.4.1. Comparison of different operational regimes
      14.4.2. Optimised operation of existing treatment plants
      14.5. Integrated design examples
      14.5.1. Nutrient removal in different configurations
      14.5.2. Membrane bioreactor design
      - case study
      14.6. Final Remarks
      Reference list
      Appendix 1 Determination of the oxygen uptake rate
      A1.1. Determination of the apparent OUR
      A1.2. Correction factors of the apparent OUR
      A1.2.1. Representativeness of mixed liquor operational conditions
      A1.2.2. Critical dissolved oxygen concentration
      A1.2.3. Hydraulic effects
      A1.2.4. Absorption of atmospheric oxygen
      A1.2.5. relaxation effect
      Appendix 2 Calibration of the general model
      A2.1. Calibration with cyclic loading
      A2.2. Calibration with batch loading
      Appendix 3 non-ideal activated sludge system
      Appendix 4 Determination of nitrification kinetics
      Appendix 5 Determination of denitrification kinetics
      Appendix 6 Extensions to the ideal model
      A6.1. Imperfect solid-liquid separation in final settler
      A6.1.1. Particulate organic nitrogen and phosphorus in the effluent
      A6.1.2. Excess sludge production and composition
      A6.2. Nitrifier fraction in the volatile sludge mass
      Appendix 7 Empiric methods for final settler sizing
      A7.1. Stora design guidelines (1981)
      A7.1.1. Theoretical aspects
      A7.1.2. Application of the STORA 1981 design guidelines
      A7.1.3. Modifications to the STORA 1981 design guidelines
      A7.2. Final settler design comparison methodology
      A7.3. ATV design guidelines (1976)
      A7.3.1. Theoretical aspects
      A7.3.2. Modifications to the ATV 1976 design guidelines
      Appendix 8 Denitrification in the final settler
      Appendix 9 Aerobic granulated sludge
      A9.1. Benefits of aerobic granular sludge systems
      A9.2. System design and operation
      A9.2.1. Process configurations
      A9.2.2. Reactor configuration
      A9.2.3. Operation of AGS systems
      A9.2.4. Start-up of aerobic granular sludge reactors.
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