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    Electric vehicle technology explained / James Larminie, Oxford Brookes University, UK, John Lowry, Consultant Engineer, Swindon, UK.

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    • Title:Electric vehicle technology explained / James Larminie, Oxford Brookes University, UK, John Lowry, Consultant Engineer, Swindon, UK.
    •    
    • Author/Creator:Lowry, John, 1948- author.
    • Other Contributors/Collections:Larminie, James, author.
    • Published/Created:Chichester, West Sussex : Wiley, 2012, ♭2012.

    • Holdings

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    • Library of Congress Subjects:Electric vehicles--Technological innovations.
      Electric vehicles--Design and construction.
    • Edition:Second Edition.
    • Description:xxv, 314 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm
    • Notes:Includes bibliographical references and index.
    • ISBN:9781119942733 (cloth)
      111994273X (cloth)
    • Contents:Machine generated contents note: 1. Introduction
      1.1. Brief History
      1.1.1. Early Days
      1.1.2. Middle of the Twentieth Century
      1.1.3. Developments towards the End of the Twentieth Century and the Early Twenty-First Century
      1.2. Electric Vehicles and the Environment
      1.2.1. Energy Saving and Overall Reduction of Carbon Emissions
      1.2.2. Reducing Local Pollution
      1.2.3. Reducing Dependence on Oil
      1.3. Usage Patterns for Electric Road Vehicles
      Further Reading
      2. Types of Electric Vehicles
      EV Architecture
      2.1. Battery Electric Vehicles
      2.2. IC Engine/Electric Hybrid Vehicle
      2.3. Fuelled EVs
      2.4. EVs using Supply Lines
      2.5. EVs which use Flywheels or Supercapacitors
      2.6. Solar-Powered Vehicles
      2.7. Vehicles using Linear Motors
      2.8. EVs for the Future
      Further Reading
      3. Batteries, Flywheels and Supercapacitors
      3.1. Introduction
      3.2. Battery Parameters
      3.2.1. Cell and Battery Voltages
      3.2.2. Charge (or Amphour) Capacity
      3.2.3. Energy Stored
      3.2.4. Specific Energy
      3.2.5. Energy Density
      3.2.6. Specific Power
      3.2.7. Amphour (or Charge) Efficiency
      3.2.8. Energy Efficiency
      3.2.9. Self-discharge Rates
      3.2.10. Battery Geometry
      3.2.11. Battery Temperature, Heating and Cooling Needs
      3.2.12. Battery Life and Number of Deep Cycles
      3.3. Lead Acid Batteries
      3.3.1. Lead Acid Battery Basics
      3.3.2. Special Characteristics of Lead Acid Batteries
      3.3.3. Battery Life and Maintenance
      3.3.4. Battery Charging
      3.3.5. Summary of Lead Acid Batteries
      3.4. Nickel-Based Batteries
      3.4.1. Introduction
      3.4.2. Nickel Cadmium
      3.4.3. Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries
      3.5. Sodium-Based Batteries
      3.5.1. Introduction
      3.5.2. Sodium Sulfur Batteries
      3.5.3. Sodium Metal Chloride (ZEBRA) Batteries
      3.6. Lithium Batteries
      3.6.1. Introduction
      3.6.2. Lithium Polymer Battery
      3.6.3. Lithium Ion Battery
      3.7. Metal-Air Batteries
      3.7.1. Introduction
      3.7.2. Aluminium
      -Air Battery
      3.7.3. Zinc
      -Air Battery
      3.8. Supercapacitors and Flywheels
      3.8.1. Supercapacitors
      3.8.2. Flywheels
      3.9. Battery Charging
      3.9.1. Battery Chargers
      3.9.2. Charge Equalisation
      3.10. Designer's Choice of Battery
      3.10.1. Introduction
      3.10.2. Batteries which are Currently Available Commercially
      3.11. Use of Batteries in Hybrid Vehicles
      3.11.1. Introduction
      3.11.2. IC/Battery Electric Hybrids
      3.11.3. Battery/Battery Electric Hybrids
      3.11.4. Combinations using Flywheels
      3.11.5. Complex Hybrids
      3.12. Battery Modelling
      3.12.1. Purpose of Battery Modelling
      3.12.2. Battery Equivalent Circuit
      3.12.3. Modelling Battery Capacity
      3.12.4. Simulating a Battery at a Set Power
      3.12.5. Calculating the Peukert Coefficient
      3.12.6. Approximate Battery Sizing
      3.13. In Conclusion
      References
      4. Electricity Supply
      4.1. Normal Existing Domestic and Industrial Electricity Supply
      4.2. Infrastructure Needed for Charging Electric Vehicles
      4.3. Electricity Supply Rails
      4.4. Inductive Power Transfer for Moving Vehicles
      4.5. Battery Swapping
      Further Reading
      5. Fuel Cells
      5.1. Fuel Cells
      A Real Option?
      5.2. Hydrogen Fuel Cells
      Basic Principles
      5.2.1. Electrode Reactions
      5.2.2. Different Electrolytes
      5.2.3. Fuel Cell Electrodes
      5.3. Fuel Cell Thermodynamics
      An Introduction
      5.3.1. Fuel Cell Efficiency and Efficiency Limits
      5.3.2. Efficiency and the Fuel Cell Voltage
      5.3.3. Practical Fuel Cell Voltages
      5.3.4. Effect of Pressure and Gas Concentration
      5.4. Connecting Cells in Series
      The Bipolar Plate
      5.5. Water Management in the PEMFC
      5.5.7. Introduction to the Water Problem
      5.5.2. Electrolyte of a PEMFC
      5.5.3. Keeping the PEM Hydrated
      5.6. Thermal Management of the PEMFC
      5.7. Complete Fuel Cell System
      5.8. Practical Efficiency of Fuel Cells
      References
      6. Hydrogen as a Fuel
      Its Production and Storage
      6.1. Introduction
      6.2. Hydrogen as a Fuel
      6.3. Fuel Reforming
      6.3.1. Fuel Cell Requirements
      6.3.2. Steam Reforming
      6.3.3. Partial Oxidation and Autothermal Reforming
      6.3.4. Further Fuel Processing
      Carbon Monoxide Removal
      6.3.5. Practical Fuel Processing for Mobile Applications
      6.3.6. Energy Efficiency of Reforming
      6.4. Energy Efficiency of Reforming
      6.5. Hydrogen Storage I
      Storage as Hydrogen
      6.5.1. Introduction to the Problem
      6.5.2. Safety
      6.5.3. Storage of Hydrogen as a Compressed Gas
      6.5.4. Storage of Hydrogen as a Liquid
      6.5.5. Reversible Metal Hydride Hydrogen Stores
      6.5.6. Carbon Nanofibres
      6.5.7. Storage Methods Compared
      6.6. Hydrogen Storage II
      Chemical Methods
      6.6.1. Introduction
      6.6.2. Methanol
      6.6.3. Alkali Metal Hydrides
      6.6.4. Sodium Borohydride
      6.6.5. Ammonia
      6.6.6. Storage Methods Compared
      References
      7. Electric Machines and their Controllers
      7.1. `Brushed' DC Electric Motor
      7.1.1. Operation of the Basic DC Motor
      7.1.2. Torque Speed Characteristics
      7.1.3. Controlling the Brushed DC Motor
      7.1.4. Providing the Magnetic Field for DC Motors
      7.1.5. DC Motor Efficiency
      7.1.6. Motor Losses and Motor Size
      7.7.7. Electric Motors as Brakes
      7.2. DC Regulation and Voltage Conversion
      7.2.1. Switching Devices
      7.2.2. Step-Down or `Buck' Regulators
      7.2.3. Step-Up or `Boost' Switching Regulator
      7.2.4. Single-Phase Inverters
      7.2.5. Three Phase
      7.3. Brushless Electric Motors
      7.3.1. Introduction
      7.3.2. Brushless DC Motor
      7.3.3. Switched Reluctance Motors
      7.3.4. Induction Motor
      7.4. Motor Cooling, Efficiency, Size and Mass
      7.4.7. Improving Motor Efficiency
      7.4.2. Motor Mass
      7.5. Electric Machines for Hybrid Vehicles
      7.6. Linear Motors
      References
      8. Electric Vehicle Modelling
      8.1. Introduction
      8.2. Tractive Effort
      8.2.1. Introduction
      8.2.2. Rolling Resistance Force
      8.2.3. Aerodynamic Drag
      8.2.4. Hill Climbing Force
      8.2.5. Acceleration Force
      8.2.6. Total Tractive Effort
      8.3. Modelling Vehicle Acceleration
      8.3.1. Acceleration Performance Parameters
      8.3.2. Modelling the Acceleration of an Electric Scooter
      8.3.3. Modelling the Acceleration of a Small Car
      8.4. Modelling Electric Vehicle Range
      8.4.1. Driving Cycles
      8.4.2. Range Modelling of Battery Electric Vehicles
      8.4.3. Constant Velocity Range Modelling
      8.4.4. Other uses of Simulations
      8.4.5. Range Modelling of Fuel Cell Vehicles
      8.4.6. Range Modelling of Hybrid Electric Vehicles
      8.5. Simulations
      A Summary
      References
      9. Design Considerations
      9.1. Introduction
      9.2. Aerodynamic Considerations
      9.2.7. Aerodynamics and Energy
      9.2.2. Body/Chassis Aerodynamic Shape
      9.3. Consideration of Rolling Resistance
      9.4. Transmission Efficiency
      9.5. Consideration of Vehicle Mass
      9.6. Electric Vehicle Chassis and Body Design
      9.6.1. Body/Chassis Requirements
      9.6.2. Body/Chassis Layout
      9.6.3. Body/Chassis Strength, Rigidity and Crash Resistance
      9.6.4. Designing for Stability
      9.6.5. Suspension for Electric Vehicles
      9.6.6. Examples of Chassis used in Modern Battery and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
      9.6.7. Chassis used in Modern Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles
      9.7. General Issues in Design
      9.7.7. Design Specifications
      9.7.2. Software in the use of Electric Vehicle Design
      10. Design of Ancillary Systems
      10.1. Introduction
      10.2. Heating and Cooling Systems
      10.3. Design of the Controls
      10.4. Power Steering
      10.5. Choice of Tyres
      10.6. Wing Mirrors, Aerials and Luggage Racks
      10.7. Electric Vehicle Recharging and Refuelling Systems
      11. Efficiencies and Carbon Release Comparison
      11.1. Introduction
      11.2. Definition of Efficiency
      11.3. Carbon Dioxide Emission and Chemical Energy in Fuel
      12. Electric Vehicles and the Environment
      12.1. Introduction
      12.2. Vehicle Pollution
      The Effects
      12.3. Vehicle Pollution in Context
      12.4. Role of Regulations and Lawmakers
      Further Reading
      13. Power Generation for Transport
      Particularly for Zero Emissions
      13.1. Introduction
      13.2. Power Generation using Fossil Fuels
      13.3. Alternative and Sustainable Energy
      13.3.1. Solar Energy
      13.3.2. Wind Energy
      13.3.3. Hydroelectricity
      13.3.4. Tidal Energy
      13.3.5. Marine Currents
      13.3.6. Wave Energy
      13.3.7. Bio mass Energy
      13.3.8. Obtaining Energy from Waste
      13.3.9. Geothermal Energy
      13.4. Nuclear Energy
      13.4.1. Nuclear Fission
      13.4.2. Nuclear Fusion
      13.5. In Conclusion
      Further Reading
      14. Recent Electric Vehicles
      14.1. Introduction
      14.2. Low-Speed Rechargeable Battery Vehicles
      14.2.1. Electric Bicycles
      14.2.2. Electric Mobility Aids
      14.2.3. Low-Speed Vehicles
      14.3. Battery-Powered Cars and Vans
      14.3.1. Peugeot 106 and the Partner
      14.3.2. GM EV1
      14.3.3. Nissan Leaf
      14.3.4. Mitsubishi MiEV
      14.4. Hybrid Vehicles
      14.4.1. Honda Insight
      14.4.2. Toyota Prius
      14.4.3. Chevrolet Volt
      14.5. Fuel-Cell-Powered Bus
      14.6. Conventional High-Speed Trains
      14.6.1. Introduction
      14.6.2. Technology of High-Speed Trains
      14.7. Conclusion
      Contents note continued: References
      15. Future of Electric Vehicles
      15.1. Introduction
      15.2. Tesla S
      15.3. Honda FCX Clarity
      15.4. Maglev Trains
      15.5. Electric Road
      -Rail Systems
      15.6. Conclusion
      Further Reading
      Appendices: MATLAB® Examples
      Appendix 1 Performance Simulation of the GM EV1
      Appendix 2 Importing and Creating Driving Cycles
      Appendix 3 Simulating One Cycle
      Appendix 4 Range Simulation of the GM EV1 Electric Car
      Appendix 5 Electric Scooter Range Modelling
      Appendix 6 Fuel Cell Range Simulation
      Appendix 7 Motor Efficiency Plots.
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